====== 2000 ======

[[1999]]-[[2001]]

In [[2000]] Stummer et al published that [[5-aminolevulinic acid]] ([[5-ALA]])-derived [[fluorescence]] was approved for fluorescence-guided resections of [[malignant glioma]]s, relying on selective synthesis and accumulation of [[protoporphyrin IX]] (PPIX) within malignant [[glioma cell]]s 
((Stummer W, Novotny A, Stepp H, Goetz C, Bise K, Reulen HJ (2000) Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg 93:1003–1013)).
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Since [[2000]], [[Levetiracetam]] (LEV) has been marketed around the world as an [[antiepileptic Drug]] under the brand name [[Keppra]].
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[[Middle Meningeal Artery embolization]] for the treatment of refractory [[Chronic Subdural Hematoma]] (CSDH) was first described by Mandai et al. in 2000
((Mandai S, Sakurai M, Matsumoto Y. Middle meningeal artery embolization for refractory chronic subdural hematoma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2000 Oct;93(4):686-8. doi: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0686. PMID: 11014549.))
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The Oswestry [[Disability Index]] ([[ODI]]) is an [[index]] is derived from the Oswestry [[Low Back Pain]] [[Questionnaire]] used by clinicians and researchers to quantify [[disability]] for low back pain.

The ODI is a 10-item score from 0 to 100 that encompasses limitations in activity, sleeping, social life, work, and personal care resulting from low back pain. Higher scores indicate more severe disability.

This validated [[questionnaire]] was first published by Jeremy Fairbank et al. in Physiotherapy in [[1980]]
((Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain
disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980 Aug;66(8):271-3. PubMed PMID:
6450426.
)).

The current version was published in the journal Spine in [[2000]]
((Fairbank J. Revised Oswestry Disability questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 
2000 Oct 1;25(19):2552. PubMed PMID: 11013514.
)).
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In [[1995]], the [[Brain Trauma Foundation]] developed the first [[TBI]] [[Guideline]]s with the assistance of a group of international experts in the field. The goal was to offer the latest research on which to build [[protocol]]s that would improve the [[survival]] and [[outcome]]s of TBI patients. With the [[publication]] of the Guidelines for the [[Management]] of [[Severe Head Injury]], the [[benchmark]] for [[evidence]]-based guidelines in [[Neurosurgery]] and other surgical specialties was set. These Guidelines were updated in [[2000]] under the title Management and Prognosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury with the addition of a new section entitled Early Indicators of Prognosis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.  The [[American Association of Neurological Surgeons]] and the World Health Organization’s Committee on Neurotrauma have endorsed each document, joined by the [[Congress of Neurological Surgeons]] and [[AANS]]/CNS Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care.
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A dedicated commercial system for navigated [[Three-dimensional Intraoperative Ultrasound]] allowing to acquire 3D ultrasound (US) volumes by combining a stack of 2D US scans with known spatial positions was first presented in [[2000]] by Gronningsaeter et al.,
((Gronningsaeter A, Kleven A, Ommedal S, et al.
SonoWand, an ultrasound-based neuronavigation
system. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:1373-1379 [discussion: 1379-1380].))
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The [[Charité artificial disc]] went through revisions over 6 years, resulting in the SB Charité III, and the first clinical experience was published in [[1994]] using the final version of the SB Charité III (DePuy Spine Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts)
((Griffith SL, Shelokov AP, Büttner-Janz K, LeMaire JP, Zeegers WS. A multicenter retrospective study of the clinical results of the LINK SB Charité intervertebral prosthesis. The initial European experience. Spine. 1994;19(16):1842-
1849.)).

The clinical trial in the United States for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval began in [[2000]], and the device was cleared for use in [[2004]]. Since then, multiple other lumbar arthroplasty devices have been
developed and have become available in the United States and Europe
((Sandhu FA, Dowlati E, Garica R. Lumbar Arthroplasty: Past, Present, and
Future. Neurosurgery. 2020 Feb 1;86(2):155-169. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz439.
PubMed PMID: 31724719.)). 
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[[Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor]] was originally described a histological variant of [[Wilm’s tumor]] in [[1978]].

Primary intracranial diseases were initially reported in [[1987]] and subsequently, defined as a distinct CNS neoplasm in [[1996]] and added to the World Health Organization (WHO) Brain Tumor Classification in [[2000]] (grade IV).