====== 1995 ======

[[1994]]-[[1996]]
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Three [[neuromodulation]] therapies, all using implanted [[device]] and [[electrode]]s, have been approved to treat adults with drug-resistant [[focal epilepsy]], namely, the [[vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy.]] in [[1995]], [[deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus]] (ANT-DBS) in [[2018]] (2010 in Europe), and [[responsive neurostimulation]] (RNS) in [[2014]].
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Since [[1995]] there is a remarkable advancement in [[endonasal approach]] by [[endoscope]].
Refinements in [[camera]] definition, [[neurosurgical instruments]], [[neuronavigation]], and surgical technique.
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The [[Cognard classification]] of [[dural arteriovenous fistula]]s correlates venous drainage patterns with increasingly aggressive neurological clinical course. It was first described in [[1995]]
((Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A, Chiras J,
Merland JJ. Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic
correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology. 1995
Mar;194(3):671-80. PubMed PMID: 7862961.
)). 

Probably the most widely used classification system for [[dural arteriovenous malformation]]s. 

Correlates venous drainage patterns with increasingly aggressive neurological clinical course.
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A [[pedicle sparing transfacet approach]] (PSTA) was first described in 1995
((Çelik SE, Samancı Y, Özkaya F, Peker O. Microsurgical Experience with
Pedicle-Sparing Transfacet Approach for Thoracic Disk Herniation. J Neurol Surg A
Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2019 Feb 1. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676302. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30708391.
)).
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In [[1995]], the [[Brain Trauma Foundation]] developed the first [[TBI]] [[Guideline]]s with the assistance of a group of international experts in the field. The goal was to offer the latest research on which to build [[protocol]]s that would improve the [[survival]] and [[outcome]]s of TBI patients. With the [[publication]] of the Guidelines for the [[Management]] of [[Severe Head Injury]], the [[benchmark]] for [[evidence]]-based guidelines in [[Neurosurgery]] and other surgical specialties was set. These Guidelines were updated in [[2000]] under the title Management and Prognosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury with the addition of a new section entitled Early Indicators of Prognosis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.  The [[American Association of Neurological Surgeons]] and the World Health Organization’s Committee on Neurotrauma have endorsed each document, joined by the [[Congress of Neurological Surgeons]] and [[AANS]]/CNS Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care.
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In [[1995]], a multidisciplinary task force from the [[North American Spine Society]] (NASS) addressed the deficiencies in commonly used terms defining the conditions of the [[lumbar disc]]. It cited several documentations of the problem
((Bonneville JF, Dietemann JL. L'imagerie dans les sciatiques. Rev Prat (Paris) 1992;42:554–66.))
((Brant-Zawadzki MN, Jensen MC. Imaging corner: spinal nomenclature. Inter- and intra-observer variability in interpretation of lumbar disc abnormalities: a comparison of two nomenclatures. Spine 1995;20:388–90.))
((Breton G. Is that a bulging disc, a small herniation, or a moderate protrusion? Can Assoc Radiol J 1991;42:318.))
((Fardon DF, Herzog RJ, Mink JH. Nomenclature of lumbar disc disorders. In: Garfin SR, Vaccaro AR, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Spine. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1997:A3–14.))
((Milette PC. The proper terminology for reporting lumbar intervertebral disc disorders. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1859–66.))
((Fardon DF, White AH, Wiesel S. Diagnostic terms and conservative treatments favored for lumbar disorders by spine surgeons in North America. Presented at: the first annual meeting, North American Spine Society; 1986; Lake George, NY.))

The nomenclature and classification of [[Lumbar]] [[disc]] pathology consensus, published in [[2001]] by the collaborative efforts of the [[North American Spine Society]] (NASS), the American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), and the American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), has guided radiologists, clinicians, and interested public for more than a decade
((Fardon DF, Milette PC. Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine 2001;26:E93–113.)).
, it was revised in [[2014]]
((Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK. Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine J. 2014;14(11):2525–2545.))
((Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK. Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(24):E1448–E1465.)).