====== 1993 ======

[[1992]]-[[1994]]
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Brantigan and Steffee 
((Brantigan JW, Steffee AD. A [[carbon fiber]] implant to aid [[interbody]] [[lumbar fusion]]. Two-year clinical results in the first 26 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18:2106–7. ))
combined [[interbody fusion]] with [[pedicle screw]]/[[plate]] [[stabilization]] of the [[lumbar spine]] in [[1993]].
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In [[1993]] [[Engelbert Knosp]] et al. offered the [[Knosp grade]] system for showing invasion of [[cavernous sinus]] by [[pituitary macroadenoma]]. Briefly, the much laterally adenoma grows and surrounds the [[internal carotid artery]] (ICA), the more grade level is. The grading defined by the relation of carotid lines with the limits of invasion. These lines passes through supra- and [[intracavernous internal carotid artery]] in [[coronal]] view. There are medial, median and lateral carotid lines
((Knosp E, Steiner E, Kitz K, Matula C. pituitary neuroendocrine tumors with invasion of the 
cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with 
surgical findings. Neurosurgery. 1993 Oct;33(4):610-7; discussion 617-8. PubMed
PMID: 8232800.
)).
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The first edition of the [[World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System]] was published in [[1979]] and took almost a decade to complete.

The second edition followed in [[1993]] and was considered a great step forward as it incorporated the advances in classification resulting from the introduction of [[immunohistochemistry]].
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In [[1993]], Mayer and Brock reported the use of tubular retractors. Foley and Smith performed a video-assisted technique using a tubular work canal (Micro-endoscopic discectomy: MED) via a 2-cm incision adopting a trans-muscular approach without multifidus release from its insertion in [[1997]].
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Biallelic inactivation of the NF2 gene has been established as the principal underlying genetic event in
patients with sporadic and syndrome-associated vestibular schwannoma (VS). Two independent teams contemporaneously identified the NF2 gene located on [[chromosome 22]] at 22q12.2 in [[1993]], which codes for
the tumor suppressor protein Merlin, also called schwannomin

The NF2 gene provides instructions for the production of a protein called [[merlin]], also known as [[schwannomin]]
((Rouleau GA, Merel P, Lutchman M, et al. Alteration in a new gene
encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neurofibromatosis
type 2. Nature 1993;363:515–21.))
((Trofatter JA, MacCollin MM, Rutter JL, et al. A novel moesin-,
ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2
tumor suppressor. Cell 1993;72:791–800.)).