====== 1983 ======

[[1982]]-[[1984]].

From a [[retrospective]] [[study]] of 412 [[thoracolumbar injury]], [[Francis Denis]] introduced the concept of [[middle column]] or middle osteoligamentous complex between the traditionally recognized posterior [[ligament]]ous complex and the [[anterior longitudinal ligament]]
((Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of 
acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). [[1983]]
Nov-Dec;8(8):817-31. PubMed PMID: 6670016.
)).
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[[Percutaneous balloon compression trigeminal rhizotomy]], has been used to treat [[trigeminal neuralgia]] since [[1983]]. 
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In [[1983]], as crystal-based neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet Nd:YAG laser was introduced for tissue ablation, and some studies followed of laser ablation for [[brain tumor]]s 
(( S.G. Bown, Phototherapy in tumors, World Journal of Surgery, 7 (1983) 700-709.))
((K. Sugiyama, T. Sakai, I. Fujishima, H. Ryu, K. Uemura, T. Yokoyama, Stereotactic
interstitial laser-hyperthermia using Nd-YAG laser, Stereotactic and functional
neurosurgery, 54-55 (1990) 501-505.))
((M. Bettag, F. Ulrich, R. Schober, G. Furst, K.J. Langen, M. Sabel, J.C. Kiwit,
Stereotactic laser therapy in cerebral gliomas, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum,
52 (1991) 81-83.))
((F.X. Roux, L. Merienne, B. Leriche, S. Lucerna, B. Turak, B. Devaux, J.P. Chodkiewicz,
Laser interstitial thermotherapy in stereotactical neurosurgery, Lasers in Medical
Science, 7 (1992) 121-126.)).
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The [[polymerase]] chain reaction (PCR) is a technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of [[DNA]] across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

Developed in [[1983]] by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.

These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny, or functional analysis of [[gene]]s; the diagnosis of hereditary diseases; the identification of genetic fingerprints (used in forensic sciences and DNA paternity testing); and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases. In 1993, Mullis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Michael Smith for his work on PCR.
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Introduced in [[1983]], [[Cotrel Dubousset Instrumentation]] is a treatment approach to [[scoliosis]]. Unlike [[Harrington rod]]s, this treatment is more than just an osteodistraction mechanism and allows correction of some of the features of scoliosis untreatable by Harrington rods, such as rib hump.