====== 1965 ======

[[1964]]-[[1966]]

In [[1965]] Parkinson
((Parkinson D. A surgical approach to the cavernous portion of the carotid artery. Anatomical studies and case report. J Neurosurg. 1965;23:474–483.))
was the first to realize an anatomical study and to propose a surgical [[approach]] to the cavernous sinus ([[CS]]). Despite the development of the microsurgical [[technique]] in the seventies, it was thought that [[microneurosurgery]] was reaching its furthest limits in the approach of lesions in and around the CS. The extremely high risk of damaging nervous structures, as well as causing uncontrollable haemorrhage or postoperative CSF [[leak]] seemed to be an unavoidable and insuperable obstacle. Thanks to the anatomical work of [[Vinko Dolenc]] and his surgical experiences, a rational surgical approach was eventually developed and the different relations between the lesion and the neurovascular structures were defined. In Dolenc's book preface, Yasargyl states that “there is no doubt that this type of microsurgical anatomical study is a new step in the 100 year history of neurosurgery”
((Dolenc V.V., Yasargil M. Springer-Verlag; Wien: 1989. Anatomy and surgery of the cavernous sinus.)).
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Salomón Hakim first identified the [[Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus]] in [[1957]] at the Hospital San Juan de Dios in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. Even after decades of international focus and thousands of publications on his disorder, Hakim's story remains largely untold.

Professor Hakim first published his thesis in [[1964]] and 6 case reports of NPH in The New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the Neurological Sciences in [[1965]]. Hakim rose to the forefront of academic medicine as he described a newfound ability to reverse symptoms of "neurodegeneration" that had long been considered irreversible.
((Wallenstein MB, McKhann GM 2nd. Salomón Hakim and the discovery of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2010 Jul;67(1):155-9; discussion 159. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000370058.12120.0e. PMID: 20568668.)).

Hakim and Adams in [[1965]] published varying combinations or degrees of each of the elements of the classic clinical triad of [[NPH]]
((Hakim S, Adams RD. The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus
with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Observations on cerebrospinal fluid
hydrodynamics. J Neurol Sci. 1965 Jul-Aug;2(4):307-27. PubMed PMID: 5889177.
)).
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The modern rigid endoscope was invented by [[Karl Storz]] in [[1965]] when he combined the optical rod system of Hopkins and used fiberoptics to carry illumination down to the tip of the endoscope
((Linder TE, Simmen D, Stool SE. Revolutionary inventions in the 20th century. The history of endoscopy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Nov;123(11):1161–1163.)).