====== 1938 ======

see [[1937]] - [[1939]]

===== Publications =====

Written with [[Louise Eisenhardt]] and published in [[1938]], [[Meningioma]]s is a monograph of incredible description and detail. The meticulous categorization of meningiomas, their presentation, clinical outcome, and surgical therapies are even further supplemented by Cushing's personal commentary, questions, and recollections. Cushing's genius was evident in his ability to make insightful clinical observations and synthesize these ideas within the neurosurgical context of his era. As he says in Meningiomas, "Thus the pathological curiosity of one day becomes in its proper time a commonplace... most of which are one and the same disorder--had, for their interpretation, to await the advent of the Neurosurgeon
((Shrivastava RK, Segal S, Camins MB, Sen C, Post KD. Harvey Cushing's
Meningiomas text and the historical origin of resectability criteria for the
anterior one-third of the superior sagittal sinus. J Neurosurg. 2003
Oct;99(4):787-91. PubMed PMID: 14567620.
)).

In 1938, [[Harvey Cushing]] and Eisenhardt reported the first surgical experience with [[sphenoid ridge meningioma]]s. On the basis of clinical observations and anatomic characteristics obtained during surgery or autopsy in 53 patients, they divided sphenoid ridge meningiomas into four categories: 

1) Tumors of the deep or clinoidal third

2) Middle-ridge tumors,

3) En plaque pterional tumors

4) Global pterional tumors
((Cushing H, Eisenhardt L: Meningiomas: Their Classification, Regional Behavior,
Life History, and Surgical End Results. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1938.))
----
In [[1938]] Fischer, described five [[internal carotid artery segments]] in the opposite direction to the [[blood flow]]
((Fischer E. Die Lageabweichungen der vorderen hirnarterie im gefässbild. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1938;3:300–313.)).
----
There are two main classification schemes for the segments of the [[Anterior Cerebral Artery]]. The first, described by Fischer in 1938, delineates five segments: (1) Precommunicating (A1); (2) below the genu of the [[corpus callosum]] (A2); (3) around the genu of the corpus callosum (A3); (4) the terminal branch of the A4; and (5) the terminal branch of the A5
((Lasjaunias P, et al. Surgical neuro-angiography. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer; 2006.)).
----


Walker AE. The thalamus of the chimpanzee: IV. Thalamic projections to the
cerebral cortex. J Anat. 1938 Oct;73(Pt 1):37-93. PubMed PMID: 17104750; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC1252530
((Walker AE. The thalamus of the chimpanzee: IV. Thalamic projections to the
cerebral cortex. J Anat. 1938 Oct;73(Pt 1):37-93. PubMed PMID: 17104750; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC1252530.)).

German WJ, Trask JD. CUTANEOUS INFECTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS :
INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY AFTER NEUROSURGICAL [[procedure]]S. J Exp Med. 1938 Jun
30;68(1):125-45. PubMed PMID: 19870771; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2133661
((German WJ, Trask JD. CUTANEOUS INFECTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS :
INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY AFTER NEUROSURGICAL [[procedure]]S. J Exp Med. 1938 Jun
30;68(1):125-45. PubMed PMID: 19870771; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2133661.)).