====== 1934 ======

see [[1933]] - [[1935]]

In [[1934]] at the University of [[Basel]] under Eugen Ludwig, [[Josef Klingler]] developed a new method of [[dissection]] based on a freezing technique for [[brain tissue]] that eloquently revealed the [[white matter tract]]s. 
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In [[1908]] the first successful lumbar [[discectomy]] was initiated and performed by the German neurologist [[Heinrich Oppenheim]] (1858-1919) and the surgeon [[Fedor Krause]] (1857-1937); however, neither recognized the true pathological condition of discogenic [[nerve compression syndrome]]. With the landmark report in [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] in [[1934]], the two American surgeons [[William Jason Mixter]] (1880-1958) and [[Joseph Seaton Barr]] (1901-1963) finally clarified the pathomechanism of [[lumbar disc herniation]] and furthermore, propagated [[discectomy]] as the standard therapy.
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[[Walter Edward Dandy]] is credited with the first accurate diagnosis and successful removal of a [[Brainstem cavernous malformation]] in 1934, but few cases were documented in the following decades because neurosurgeons considered intervention too dangerous
((Voigt K, Yaşargil MG: Cerebral cavernous haemangiomas
or cavernomas. Incidence, pathology, localization, diagnosis,
clinical features and treatment. Review of the literature and
report of an unusual case. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 19:59–
68, 1976 )).
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In Germany various surgeons performed individual cranial [[operation]]s before the 1870s, and [[neurosurgery]] evolved as a distinct discipline in Germany around [[1934]]
((Buchfelder M. From trephination to tailored resection: neurosurgery in Germany before World War II. Neurosurgery. 2005 Mar;56(3):605-13; discussion 605-13. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000155336.06394.7f. PMID: 15730586.)).


===== Publications =====
Torkildsen A. The Gross Anatomy of the Lateral Ventricles. J Anat. 1934
Jul;68(Pt 4):480-91. PubMed PMID: 17104497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1249003
((Torkildsen A. The Gross Anatomy of the Lateral Ventricles. J Anat. 1934
Jul;68(Pt 4):480-91. PubMed PMID: 17104497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1249003.
)).