====== 1918 ======

[[1917]]-[[1919]]

The most important advance for [[localization]] came with the introduction of [[ventriculography]] or [[pneumoencephalography]], by [[Walter Edward Dandy]] of [[Baltimore]] in [[1918]].
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In [[1918]], Warrington investigated the etiological factors of [[brain abscess]] in 2 groups: 1) infections from foci in the contiguous structures; 2) infections spread through the bloodstream from a distant site
((W. B. Warrington; Critical Review: Abscess of the Brain, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume os-11, Issue 42, 1 January 1918, Pages 141–164, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/os-11.42.141)).
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The first device for [[stereotactic]] surgery was described in detail in [[1908]] by British neuroscientist and surgeon Sir [[Victor Horsley]] and British physiologist [[Robert Henry Clarke]]. This device, named the [[Horsley-Clarke apparatus]], facilitated the study of the [[cerebellum]] in [[animal]]s by enabling accurate electrolytic lesioning to be made in the brain. To ensure that a lesion would be introduced in the correct site, Horsley and Clarke created [[atlas]]es containing pictures of the brains of the animals on which they experimented. Shortly thereafter, in [[1918]], the first stereotaxic apparatus for humans was designed by Canadian neurologist Aubrey Mussen. However, the first attempts at stereotaxic surgery in human subjects were not made until the 1940s; these attempts were pioneered by American neurologists [[Ernest A. Spiegel]] and [[Henry T. Wycis]]. Since then, a number of modifications and refinements have been made to stereotaxic devices, [[procedure]]s, and atlases, and these advances have significantly improved the utility of [[stereotaxy]].