====== 1909 ======
[[1908]]-[[1910]]

In [[1909]] Allen Buckner Kanavel (1874-1938), a self-instructed innovator in brain, spine, and peripheral nerve surgery, described the infranasal [[transsphenoidal approach]] to the [[pituitary gland]]. With his colleague, urologist Victor Lespinasse, Kanavel attempts unsuccessfully to treat [[hydrocephalus]] in two infants by coagulating the [[choroid plexus]] through a [[cystoscope]] introduced into the [[ventricular system]].
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[[Oskar Hirsch]] described the fully extracranial endonasal transethmoid transsphenoidal approach in [[1909]]. He was the first to describe the surgical entrance to the sella using this exclusively unilateral [[endonasal]] route, which he demonstrated on a cadaver. He reports performing this procedure on a live patient in April, [[1910]], under [[local anesthesia]] in stages over 5 weeks. For better exposure, Hirsch consolidated his method with Killian's submucosal window resection of the posterior [[nasal septum]] allowing for bilateral access to the sphenoid sinus and sella, and completed a single-stage procedure on a patient in June 1910.

Oskar Hirsch was the first to describe and perform a stepwise surgical approach to the [[sella]] using an exclusively extracranial, endonasal, [[transethmoidal]], and transsphenoidal approach. He built upon his mentor Markus Hajek's approaches to the posterior ethmoid cells and [[sphenoid sinus]]
((Ben-Shlomo N, Mudry A, Naples J, Walsh J, Smith TR, Laws ER, Corrales CE. Hajek and Hirsch: Otolaryngology Pioneers of Endonasal Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery. Laryngoscope. 2023 Apr;133(4):807-813. doi: 10.1002/lary.30496. Epub 2022 Nov 24. PMID: 36420787; PMCID: PMC10023270.)).

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Cushing performed his first [[transsphenoidal]] operation in 1909 in a patient with acromegaly by using a modified form of the Schloffer method to reach the pituitary gland. He did not find this approach satisfactory and instead favored a modified form of the sublabial-transsphenoidal route described by A. E. Halstead and Theodor Kocher. 
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The prominent physicians who have practiced in the [[Inselspital]] include [[Emil Theodor Kocher]], the [[1909]] Nobel laureate.
He was among the first physicians to describe the traumatic rupture of the IVD in [[1896]]. 
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As early as [[1909]] Oppenheim and Krause published 2 case reports on surgery for a herniated lumbar disc
((Stienen MN, Surbeck W, Tröhler U, Hildebrandt G. Little-known Swiss
contributions to the description, diagnosis, and surgery of lumbar disc disease
before the Mixter and Barr era. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013 Dec;19(6):767-73. doi:
10.3171/2013.8.SPINE121008. Epub 2013 Sep 27. PubMed PMID: 24074509.
)).
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The [[International League Against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) was founded in [[1909]]
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The [[pedunculopontine nucleus]] was first described in [[1909]] by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a neuroanatomist born in Bydgoszcz.
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Langenbach ([[1820]]) first described [[paranasal sinus]] mucoceles under the name of hydatids. Roulette ([[1909]]) introduced the name [[mucocele]].