====== 1870 ======

[[1869]]-[[1871]]

Since approximately [[1870]], a few individuals with a devoted interest in surgery of the [[nervous system]] have developed operative techniques for the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. [[Wilhelm Wagner]], [[Fedor Krause]], [[Ernst von Bergmann]], and [[Otfrid Foerster]] were among these pioneers. Through independent research based on careful clinical observation, these physicians contributed significantly to an understanding of the [[pathophysiology]] of nervous system disorders that could be treated surgically. They designed techniques, such as those used for [[intracranial pressure]] regulation, and developed operative [[procedure]]s, such as the osteoplastic flap of Wagner, and cortical stimulation, which was performed by Krause and Foerster
((Buchfelder M. From trephination to tailored resection: neurosurgery in Germany before World War II. Neurosurgery. 2005 Mar;56(3):605-13; discussion 605-13. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000155336.06394.7f. PMID: 15730586.)).