Ziconotide [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Ziconotide ======
 
Decreasing the risk of granuloma formation. with ziconotide
((Deer TR, Prager J, Levy R, et al. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference–2012: consensus on diagnosis, detection, and treatment of catheter-tip granulomas (inflammatory masses). Neuromodulation. 2012; 15:
483–95; discussion 496))
have been indeterminate, with some case reports demonstrating regression
((Codipietro L, Maino P. Aseptic arachnoiditis in a patient treated with intrathecal morphine infu- sion: symptom resolution on switch to ziconotide. Neuromodulation. 2015; 18:217–20; discussion 220))
and others showing persistence of inflammation
((Tomycz ND, Ortiz V, McFadden KA, et al. Management of symptomatic intrathecal catheter- associated inflammatory masses. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012; 114:190–195))
after substitution.

[[Intrathecal]] [[drug therapy]] has been established as an effective [[treatment]] option for patients with [[chronic pain]] of [[malignant]] or non-malignant origin, with an established safety profile and fewer [[adverse effect]]s, compared to [[oral]] or [[parenteral]] [[pain]] [[medication]]s. [[Morphine]] (a μ-opioid receptor agonist) and [[ziconotide]] (a non-opioid [[calcium channel antagonist]]) are the only IT agents approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for [[chronic pain treatment]]. Although both are considered first-line IT therapies, each drug has unique properties and considerations. 

A review of Chalil et al. will evaluate the pivotal [[trial]]s that established the use of morphine and ziconotide as first-line IT therapy for patients with chronic pain, as well as safety and efficacy data generated from various retrospective and prospective studies. 

Morphine and ziconotide are effective IT therapies for patients with chronic malignant or non-malignant pain that is refractory to other interventions. IT [[ziconotide]] is recommended as first-line therapy due to its efficacy and avoidance of many adverse effects commonly associated with opioids. The use of IT morphine is also considered first-line; however, the risks of [[respiratory depression]], withdrawal with drug discontinuation or pump malfunction, and the development of tolerance require careful patient selection and management
((Chalil A, Staudt MD, Harland TA, Leimer EM, Bhullar R, Argoff CE. A safety review of approved intrathecal analgesics for chronic pain management. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021 Feb 15. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1889513. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33583318.)).
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Shao et al. showed that ziconotide [[intrathecal drug therapy]] improves pain as well as emotional components and function. The study adds prospective evidence to the literature on IDT for [[neuropathic pain]], specifically its role in improving disability, emotional well-being, and catastrophizing
((Shao MM, Khazen O, Hellman A, Czerwinski M, Dentinger R, DiMarzio M, Gillogly M, Hadanny A, Argoff C, Pilitsis JG. Effect of First-Line Ziconotide Intrathecal Drug Therapy for Neuropathic Pain on Disability, Emotional Well-Being, and Pain Catastrophizing. World Neurosurg. 2021 Jan;145:e340-e347. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.079. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PMID: 33096281.)).

===== Case reports =====

Staub et al. reported the first case describing the use of a single-shot lumbar intrathecal trial of ziconotide and subsequent placement of lumbar (as opposed to thoracic) intrathecal ziconotide pump for persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP). A single-injection intrathecal trial is a low-risk, viable option for patients with this debilitating and frustrating pain condition. Successful trials and subsequent intrathecal pump placement with ziconotide may supplant multimodal medication management and/or invasive orofacial surgical intervention for PIFP
((Staub BP, Casini GP, Monaco EA 3rd, Sekula RF Jr, Emerick TD. Near-resolution of persistent idiopathic facial pain with low-dose lumbar intrathecal ziconotide: a case report. J Pain Res. 2019 Mar 8;12:945-949. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S193746. PMID: 30881103; PMCID: PMC6413753.)).

===== References =====