Trigeminal nerve-related pathology [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Trigeminal nerve-related pathology ======

The [[trigeminal nerve]] (TGN) is the largest [[cranial nerve]] and can be involved in multiple inflammatory, compressive, ischemic, or other pathologies. 

===== Trigeminal neuralgia =====

see [[Trigeminal neuralgia]].

===== Postherpetic neuralgia =====

[[Postherpetic neuralgia]] in 20% of cases involves the trigeminal nerve (with a predilection for the ophthalmic division, called [[herpes zoster ophthalmicus]]). 

===== Trigeminal trophic syndrome =====
[[Trigeminal trophic syndrome]]
===== Trigeminal neuropathy =====

see [[Trigeminal neuropathy]].

===== Superior orbital fissure syndrome =====

Lesions in the cavernous sinus involve cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and [[V1]] & [[V2]] (ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve), and spare II and V3.

[[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]: dysfunction of nerves III, IV, VI and V1. 

===== Orbital apex syndrome =====

[[Orbital apex syndrome]]: involves II, III, IV, VI and partial V1.

===== Raeder’s paratrigeminal neuralgia =====

[[Raeder’s paratrigeminal neuralgia]].

===== Sturge-Weber syndrome =====

In [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]: Ipsilateral port-wine facial nevus (nevus flammeus) usually in the distribution of 1st division of trigeminal nerve (forehead and/or eyelid) (rarely bilateral): not always present, alternatively sometimes in V2 or V3 regions
((Bachur CD, Comi AM. Sturge-Weber syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013; 15:607–617)).
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Postoperative trigeminal nerve symptoms occur transiently in 22% and permanently in 11% following microsurgery, similar to the results of SRS
((Pollock BE, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, et al. Outcome Analysis of Acoustic Neuroma Management: A Comparison of Microsurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1995; 36: 215–229)).
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[[Basilar impression]]: trigeminal nerve anesthesia.
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In [[vestibular schwannoma]] or [[cerebellopontine angle meningioma]], trigeminal nerve involvement may occur with tumors > 3 cm (check [[corneal reflex]]), with [[tic douloureux]]-like symptoms being unusual.
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[[Osteopetrosis]]
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[[Trigeminal trophic syndrome]]