Transorbital ultrasound imaging [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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=====Transorbital ultrasound imaging=====
[[Optic nerve sheath diameter]] measuring by [[transorbital ultrasound imaging]] is an accurate method for detecting [[intracranial hypertension]] that can be applied in a broad range of settings. It has the advantages of being a non-invasive, bedside test, which can be repeated multiple times for re-evaluation
((Beare NA, Kampondeni S, Glover SJ, Molyneux E, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Molyneux
ME. Detection of raised intracranial pressure by ultrasound measurement of optic 
nerve sheath diameter in African children. Trop Med Int Health. 2008
Nov;13(11):1400-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02153.x. Epub 2008 Oct 13.
PubMed PMID: 18983275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3776606.)).

Ocular sonography shows good diagnostic test accuracy for detecting raised ICP compared to CT: specifically, high sensitivity for ruling out raised ICP in a low-risk group and high specificity for ruling in raised ICP in a high-risk group. This noninvasive point-of-care method could lead to rapid interventions for raised ICP, assist centers without CT, and monitor patients during transport or as part of a protocol to reduce CT use
((Ohle R, McIsaac SM, Woo MY, Perry JJ. Sonography of the Optic Nerve Sheath
Diameter for Detection of Raised Intracranial Pressure Compared to Computed
Tomography: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Ultrasound Med. 2015
Jul;34(7):1285-94. doi: 10.7863/ultra.34.7.1285. Review. PubMed PMID: 26112632.
))

Padayachy et al present a method for assessment of [[optic nerve sheath]] ONS pulsatile dynamics using [[transorbital ultrasound imaging]]. A significant difference was noted between the patient groups, indicating that deformability of the ONS may be relevant as a noninvasive marker of raised ICP
((Padayachy L, Brekken R, Fieggen G, Selbekk T. Pulsatile Dynamics of the Optic 
Nerve Sheath and Intracranial Pressure: An Exploratory In Vivo Investigation.
Neurosurgery. 2016 Jul;79(1):100-7. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001200. PubMed
PMID: 26813857; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4900421.
)).