Tourette's syndrome treatment [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Tourette's syndrome treatment ======
Medical therapy has focused on blocking dopamine receptors, central adrenergic receptors, or on
catecholamine depleting agents.
((Leckman JF. Tourette's syndrome. Lancet. 2002; 360:1577–1586))
Surgical targets for [[Tourette's syndrome]] have included the frontal lobes, the cingulate gyrus, the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), the limbic system, and the subthalamic [[zona incerta]].
((Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V. Surgery in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2004; 19:3–14))
Current targets of interest for DBS include: GPi, STN, ALIC, and thalamus. Early results have been promising.
((Martinez-Fernandez R, Zrinzo L, Aviles-Olmos I, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case series targeting subre- gions of the globus pallidus internus. Mov Disord. 2011; 26:1922–1930)).
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[[Deep brain stimulation]] (DBS) in patients with severe, refractory [[Tourette syndrome]] (TS) has demonstrated promising but variable results thus far. The [[thalamus]] and anteromedial [[globus pallidus internus]] (amGPi) have been the most commonly stimulated sites within the cortico-striato thalamic circuit, but an optimal target is yet to be elucidated.
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see [[Globus Pallidus Internus Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette's syndrome]].