Spatial Immune Cell Profiling [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Spatial Immune Cell Profiling ======

**Definition**  
Spatial immune cell profiling identifies and characterizes immune cells in a tissue while preserving their physical location. It combines gene/protein expression with spatial information.

=== Key Concepts ===
  * Spatial context of immune cells  
  * Cell type and functional state  
  * Preserves tissue architecture  

=== Applications ===
  * Tumor microenvironment analysis  
  * Predicting response to immunotherapy  
  * Autoimmune diseases and infection  
  * Cell–cell interaction mapping  

=== Common Technologies ===
  * **Spatial Transcriptomics** – gene expression + coordinates (e.g. 10x Genomics Visium)  
  * **Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC)** – protein markers with subcellular resolution  
  * **Multiplex Immunofluorescence** – multiple antibody stains per tissue section (e.g. CODEX)  
  * **RNAscope / MERFISH** – in situ RNA detection with spatial precision  

=== Example Insight ===
In a tumor biopsy, spatial profiling may reveal that **CD8+ T cells** are present at the invasive margin but absent in the core — indicating an immune-excluded phenotype.