Quantitative pupillometry [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Quantitative pupillometry ======

Quantitative pupillometry is the objective measurement of pupil size and reactivity using a specialized device called a pupillometer. Unlike subjective assessments by clinicians using a penlight, quantitative pupillometry provides accurate and reproducible data, which can be essential in clinical settings. This method is increasingly used in neurology, neurocritical care, and ophthalmology due to its ability to provide standardized measurements of pupil function.

### Key Features of Quantitative Pupillometry:
1. **Objective Measurement**:
   - Pupillometers use infrared light to measure pupil diameter and reactivity with high precision, typically expressed in millimeters and milliseconds.

2. **Parameters Assessed**:
   - **Pupil Size**: Resting diameter of the pupil.
   - **Constriction Velocity**: Speed of pupil constriction in response to light.
   - **Dilation Velocity**: Speed of pupil return to baseline after constriction.
   - **Neurological Pupil Index (NPI)**: A composite score ranging from 0 to 5, with 3-5 considered normal. It indicates overall pupillary function.

3. **Applications**:
   - **Neurological Monitoring**: Detection of intracranial pressure (ICP) changes, brain herniation, or ischemia by observing changes in pupil reactivity.
   - **Critical Care**: Monitoring sedated or unconscious patients for neurological deterioration.
   - **Ophthalmology**: Evaluating autonomic dysfunctions or other disorders affecting the iris.
   - **TBI and Stroke**: Early detection of worsening conditions, aiding in timely interventions.

4. **Advantages**:
   - Provides consistent, quantitative data compared to subjective assessments.
   - Can detect subtle changes in pupil function that may not be apparent visually.
   - Useful for trending changes over time in critical care patients.

5. **Clinical Relevance**:
   - Pupillary changes are vital signs of neurological function. For instance, anisocoria (unequal pupil sizes) or sluggish reactivity can indicate significant brain injury or mass effect.
   - Quantitative pupillometry aids in decision-making for interventions like surgery or monitoring therapies such as osmotic agents in managing elevated ICP.

### Limitations:
- High initial cost of pupillometry devices.
- Requires training for proper use and interpretation of data.
- May be affected by ambient light, patient movement, or ocular injuries.

### Emerging Trends:
With advancements in technology, modern pupillometers are becoming more compact and integrated with electronic medical records (EMR) systems. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are also being applied to enhance predictive analytics based on pupillometric data.

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In the setting of acute [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI), an abnormal [[pupil]] assessment may suggest a worsening intracranial lesion. Early detection of pupillary changes may expedite emergent care to improve outcomes. Automated, handheld [[pupillometer]]s have been commercially available for 20 years, and several studies suggest that their use may facilitate early recognition of worsening injury and intracranial hypertension. The use of pupillometry as a bedside tool in the routine care of patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8) has not been described. We performed a quality improvement project to implement the routine use of quantitative pupillometry in a neurotrauma intensive care unit. Nursing staff were trained on device use and the project's aims in a 30-minute in-service session. Nurses caring for severe TBI patients completed standard pupil assessments using (a) a flashlight and (b) a pupillometer to quantify pupil size and reactivity ([[Neurological Pupil index]]) every hour. Abnormal results were reported to on-call providers. We administered surveys to evaluate knowledge, practical use of the pupillometer data, and satisfaction with the device every 3 months. Data were available for 22 nurses at 4 separate time points. Staff were positive about their ability to use and understand the device (µ = 8.7 and 9.1, respectively, on a 10-point scale) and reported that it added value to patient care and critical decision-making. The use of automated pupillometry is acceptable to nursing staff in a neurotrauma intensive care unit, and staff believed that pupillometry results enhanced clinical decision-making
((Anderson M, Elmer J, Shutter L, Puccio A, Alexander S. Integrating
Quantitative Pupillometry Into Regular Care in a Neurotrauma Intensive Care Unit.
J Neurosci Nurs. 2018 Feb;50(1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000333. PubMed 
PMID: 29303836.
)).