Prostatic adenocarcinoma brain metastases [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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=====Prostatic adenocarcinoma brain metastases=====
//J.Sales-Llopis//

//Neurosurgery Service, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and
Biomedical Research (ISABIAL - FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain.//

Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men which metastasizes mostly to pelvic lymph nodes, lungs and skeletal system. 

[[Prostate cancer]], rarely metastasizes to the brain. 

Early autopsy study by Saitoh et al reported a 1.1% rate of cerebral metastasis amongst 1,885 patients with prostate cancer
(( Saitoh H, Hida M, Shimbo T, Nakamura K, Yamagata J, Satoh T. Metastatic patterns of prostatic cancer. Correlation between sites and number of organs involved. Cancer. 1984;54(12):3078–3084.)).
Such rate of cerebral metastasis is noted to be even lower in clinical studies, with only 4 out of 3,732 patients with prostate cancer were found to have intracranial involvement
((Catane R, Kaufman J, West C, Merrin C, Tsukada Y, Murphy G P. Brain metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. Cancer. 1976;38(06):2583–2587.)).
Despite the rarity of this condition, cerebral metastases from prostatic carcinoma are relatively well described in the literature
((Lynes W L, Bostwick D G, Freiha F S, Stamey T A. Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology. 1986;28(04):280–287.))
((Sutton M A, Watkins H L, Green L K, Kadmon D. Intracranial metastases as the first manifestation of prostate cancer. Urology. 1996;48(05):789–793.))
((Lewis I. Cerebellar metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. A case report. Neurology. 1967;17(07):698–702.))
((Gupta A, Baidas S, Cumberlin R K. Brain stem metastasis as the only site of spread in prostate carcinoma. A case report. Cancer. 1994;74(09):2516–2519.))
((Flickinger F W, Yuh W T, Nichols R D, II, Kemp J D. Solitary prostatic metastasis to the cerebellopontine angle: MR and CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13(06):1088–1090.))
((Maiuri F, Corriero G, D'Amico L, Iaconetta G. Cerebellar metastasis from prostatic carcinoma simulating, on CT-scan, a cerebellopontine angle tumor. Case report. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1989;11(01):21–24.)).




Intracranial metastasis are exceedingly rare and usually involves leptomeninges, cerebrum and cerebellum,
but brain metastases without other sites of metastatic disease are exceedingly rare and may be more common with ductal adenocarcinoma variant
((Gzell CE, Kench JG, Stockler MR, Hruby G. Biopsy-proven brain metastases from prostate cancer: a series of four cases with review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013 Jun;45(3):735-42. doi: 10.1007/s11255-013-0462-7. Epub 2013 May 11.PubMed PMID: 23666549.)). 

However, dural metastasis of PCa is exceedingly rare and only a few reports have been published in the literature
((Tokgoz O, Voyvoda N, Tokgoz H. Dural metastasis from prostatic adenocarcinoma mimicking meningioma: Report of a case with unilateral loss of vision. Pol J Radiol. 2011 Jul;76(3):68-9. PubMed PMID: 22802846; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC3389931.)).

Single metastasis from a prostate adenocarcinoma in the brainstem without systemic disease is exceptional. Due to the different diagnostic possibilities, biopsy should be performed in order to obtain a diagnosis, especially in the context of Muir-Torre syndrome
((Aldave G, Pay E, Queipo F, Idoate MA, Guridi J. [Brainstem metastasis from a prostate adenocarcinoma in the context of Muir-Torre syndrome]. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013 Mar;24(2):78-81. doi:10.1016/j.neucir.2012.07.005. Epub 2012 Nov 21. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 23177734.)).

Three cases reports about pituitary gland metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate and one with diabetes insipidus
((Couldwell WT, Chandrasoma PT, Weiss MH. Pituitary gland metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1989;71(1):138–140.
((Losa M, Grasso M, Giugni E, Mortini P, Acerno S, Giovanelli M. Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma presenting as a pituitary mass: shrinkage of the lesion and clinical improvement with medical treatment. Prostate. 1997;32(4):241–245.))
((Yılmaz H, Kaya M, Can M, Ozbek M, Keyik B. Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma 
presenting central diabetes insipidus. Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:452149. doi:
10.1155/2012/452149. Epub 2012 Mar 18. PubMed PMID: 22474455; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC3312572.)).

Dorsi et al., lentiform dural metastasis and subdural collection simulated an epidural collection on noncontrast CT. When CNS involvement is observed in a PCa patient, it might be a result of vertebral metastases
((Dorsi MJ, Zenonos G, Hsu W, et al. Dural prostate adenocarcinoma metastasis with subdural hematoma mimicking the appearance of an epidural hematoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112:501–4.)).

A common route of seeding to the spinal dura mater is via the valveless vertebral venous system (Batson’s plexus) or by a direct extension of calvarial lesions into the underlying dura
((Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Dural metastases. A retrospective surgical and autopsy series. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:880–87.)).

Nevertheless, some authors believe that all metastases occur by way of the arterial system, withprior lung implantation being another causative factor
((Lath CO, Khanna PC, Gadewar S, et al. Intracranial metastasis from prostatic adenocarcinoma simulating a meningioma. Australas Radiol. 2005;49:497–500.)).

====Case series====
===1976===
Between 1959 and 1971 there were 91 patients with clinically diagnosed prostatic carcinoma who were autopsied at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. In four of these 91 (4.4%) intracerebral metastasis were found at autopsy, but only in one of these four was the diagnosis arrived at pre-mortem. This report describes the diagnosis and management of intracerebral metastasis from prostate carcinoma. It appears, on the basis of our initial experience, that the clinical diagnosis of this entity deserves more frequent consideration
((Catane R, Kaufman J, West C, Merrin C, Tsukada Y, Murphy GP. Brain metastasis 
from prostatic carcinoma. Cancer. 1976 Dec;38(6):2583-7. PubMed PMID: 1000485.
)).

====Case reports====
Two patients with parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of the prostate (CaP) are presented. Both patients had the diagnosis made antemortem by biopsy, and tumor immunoreactivity for prostatic phosphatase and prostate specific antigen confirmed prostatic origin. Brain metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma are unusual, occurring in only 0.2 per cent of all patients with CaP. Patients present with symptoms of motor dysfunction, headache, and seizures. The mean age at presentation of brain metastases from CaP is fifty-nine years old, which is younger than most patients with CaP. The majority of patients die within weeks after diagnosis. Craniotomy with tumor debulking, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation may be useful in prolonging survival. All reported cases of CaP metastatic to brain have been histologically moderately differentiated or poorly differentiated. The periprostatic venous plexus is considered the most likely route of tumor spread to the brain
((Lynes WL, Bostwick DG, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Parenchymal brain metastases from
adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology. 1986 Oct;28(4):280-7. PubMed PMID: 3765236.
)).