Primary central nervous system lymphoma surgery [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Primary central nervous system lymphoma surgery ======

===== Latest Pubmed Related Articles =====
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Surgical [[decompression]] with partial or [[gross total resection]] does not alter patient’s prognosis. 

===== Indication =====

The main indication for surgery:

[[Biopsy]]: obtain solid tissue to ascertain that the tumor is lymphoma, and to determine the type of lymphoma. Stereotactic techniques are often well-suited for these often deep tumors
((O'Neill BP, Kelly PJ, Earle JD, et al. Computer-Assisted Stereotactic Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Neurology. 1987; 37:1160–1164))
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Although few data are available in the scientific [[literature]], surgery has traditionally been deemed to have no role in the treatment of [[primary central nervous system lymphoma]]. This widely adopted opinion is based on small [[retrospective]] series, the results of which suggest no clear benefits in the outcome of surgical resection when used as a sole treatment, compared with supportive care (class IIIb)
((Henry JM, Heffner RR, Dillard SH, et al. Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system. Cancer 1974;
34: 1293–302.))
and compared with [[evidence]] from [[biopsy]] samples from patients who received postoperative [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] (class IIIb)
((Bataille B, Delwail V, Menet E, et al. Primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma: a report of 248 cases. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 261–66.))
((Bellinzona M, Roser F, Ostertag H, et al. Surgical removal of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) presenting as space occupying lesions: a series of 33 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31: 100–05.)).

The absence of surgical effectiveness might be attributable to the microscopic, multifocal, and infiltrative nature of primary CNS lymphoma that can extend beyond the visible border of the lesion
((Lai R, Rosenblum MK, DeAngelis LM. Primary CNS lymphoma: a whole-brain disease? Neurology 2002; 59: 1557–62.)).
The high radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity of primary CNS lymphoma, and the risk of postoperative morbidity in this patient population, have likewise helped discourage surgery. However, the recommendation to restrict surgical interventions to biopsies is not based on randomised data and, more importantly, not on contemporary data based on modern neurosurgical techniques. The German Primary CNS Lymphoma Study Group-1 (G-PCNSL-SG-1) phase 3 trial
((Thiel E, Korfel A, Martus P, et al. High-dose methotrexate with or without whole brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma (G-PCNSL-SG-1): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1036–47.))
included an unusually high proportion of operated patients, which allowed a large retrospective analysis of the association of surgery and expected outcome. Patients with subtotal or total resections had significantly longer progression-free survival and overall survival than did patients who received biopsies. This difference in outcome was independent of the postoperative [[Karnofsky Performance Score]] and age. Since patients who had a biopsy more often had many deeply-seated CNS lesions than patients who received surgery, this difference might have contributed to the unfavourable outcomes in the patients who had biopsies. When adjusted for the number of lesions (depth of lesions was not analysed in the study), the difference in outcome remained statistically significant for [[progression free survival]], but not for [[overall survival]] ([[class 3a study]])
((Weller M, Martus P, Roth P, et al. Surgery for primary CNS lymphoma? Challenging a paradigm. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14: 1481–84.)).

===== Guidelines =====
To rapidly reduce [[intracranial pressure]], surgical [[resection]] can be undertaken in patients with large lesions and acute symptoms of [[brain herniation]] (good practice point).

In patients suspected of [[primary central nervous system lymphoma]] with a unifocal and resectable lesion, the panel did not establish consensus about whether to recommend surgical resection or the need for tissue [[biopsy]]
((Hoang-Xuan K, Bessell E, Bromberg J, Hottinger AF, Preusser M, Rudà R,
Schlegel U, Siegal T, Soussain C, Abacioglu U, Cassoux N, Deckert M, Dirven CM,
Ferreri AJ, Graus F, Henriksson R, Herrlinger U, Taphoorn M, Soffietti R, Weller 
M; European Association for Neuro-Oncology Task Force on Primary CNS Lymphoma.
Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma in immunocompetent patients:
guidelines from the European Association for Neuro-Oncology. Lancet Oncol. 2015
Jul;16(7):e322-32. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00076-5. Review. PubMed PMID:
26149884.
)).

===== References =====