Posttraumatic meningitis epidemiology [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Posttraumatic meningitis epidemiology ======

[[Posttraumatic meningitis]] in [[head injury]] is uncommon, with a reported incidence ranging from 0.38-2.03%
((Baltas I, Tsoulfa S, Sakellariou P, et al. Posttraumatic meningitis: Bacteriology, hydrocephalus, and outcome. Neurosurgery 1994;35:422-427.))
((Buckwold FJ, Hand R, Hansebout RR. Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg 1977;46:494-500.))
((Taha JM, Haddad FS, Brown JA. Intracranial infection after missile injuries to the brain: Report of 30 cases from the Lebanese conflict. Neurosurgery 1991;29:864-868.))
((Frazee RC, Mucha P, Farnell MB, Ebersold MJ. Meningitis after basilar skull fracture: Does antibiotic prophylaxis help? Postgrad Med 1988;83:267-274.))
((Lau YL, Kenna AP. Post-traumatic meningitis in children. Injury 1986;17:407-409.))
((Appelbaum E. Meningitis following trauma to the head and face. JAMA 1960;173:116-120.))
((Hand WL, Sanford JP. Posttraumatic bacterial meningitis. Ann Intern Med 1970;72:869-874.))
((Jones SR, Luby JP, Sanford JP. Bacterial meningitis complicating cranial-spinal trauma. J Trauma 1973;13:895-900.))
((Wilson NW, Copeland B, Bastian JF. Posttraumatic meningitis in adolescents and
children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1990-1991;16(1):17-20; discussion 20. PubMed PMID:
2133404.
)).

Occurs in 1–20% of patients with moderate to [[severe head injury]]
((Baltas I, Tsoulfa S, Sakellariou P, et al. Posttraumatic Meningitis: Bacteriology, Hydrocephalus, and Outcome. Neurosurgery. 1994; 35:422–427)).

Most cases occur within 2 weeks of trauma, although delayed cases have been described
((Eljamel MSM, Foy PM. Post-Traumatic CSF Fistulae, the Case for Surgical Repair. Br J Neurosurg. 1990; 4:479–483)).

75% of cases have a demonstrable [[basal skull fracture]], and 58% have obvious [[CSF]] [[rhinorrhea]].