Pituitary metastases epidemiology [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Pituitary metastases epidemiology ======

Pituitary [[metastases]] are rare and account for only 1% of all operated [[pituitary mass]]es 
((Freda PU, Post KD. Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999 Mar;28(1):81-117, vi. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70058-x. PMID: 10207686.))
((Komninos J, Vlassopoulou V, Protopapa D, Korfias S, Kontogeorgos G, Sakas DE, Thalassinos NC. Tumors metastatic to the pituitary gland: case report and literature review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):574-80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030395. PMID: 14764764.))
and <1% of all intracranial metastatic lesions. Most cases are asymptomatic and are incidentally discovered during an autopsy or in patients during the end-stage malignant course, and characteristic symptoms are reported in <20%
((Komninos J, Vlassopoulou V, Protopapa D, Korfias S, Kontogeorgos G, Sakas DE, Thalassinos NC. Tumors metastatic to the pituitary gland: case report and literature review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):574-80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030395. PMID: 14764764.)).

With the improvement of neuroimaging techniques and the increased [[survival]] of cancer patients, most cases of PM are generally diagnosed as a complication of disseminated malignancies with metastatic spread to other organs (80% of the reported cases). Only in 20–30% of the cases, PM is the initial presentation of an unknown primary tumor and precedes the diagnosis of malignancy 
((Habu M, Tokimura H, Hirano H, Yasuda S, Nagatomo Y, Iwai Y, Kawagishi J, Tatewaki K, Yunoue S, Campos F, Kinoshita Y, Shimatsu A, Teramoto A, Arita K. Pituitary metastases: current practice in Japan. J Neurosurg. 2015 Oct;123(4):998-1007. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.JNS14870. Epub 2015 Jul 17. PMID: 26186025.)).

The majority of affected patients are diagnosed between the age of 45 and 74 years with a mean age of ∼60 years
((Habu M, Tokimura H, Hirano H, Yasuda S, Nagatomo Y, Iwai Y, Kawagishi J, Tatewaki K, Yunoue S, Campos F, Kinoshita Y, Shimatsu A, Teramoto A, Arita K. Pituitary metastases: current practice in Japan. J Neurosurg. 2015 Oct;123(4):998-1007. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.JNS14870. Epub 2015 Jul 17. PMID: 26186025.))
((Ng S, Fomekong F, Delabar V, Jacquesson T, Enachescu C, Raverot G, Manet R, Jouanneau E. Current status and treatment modalities in metastases to the pituitary: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2020 Jan;146(2):219-227. doi: 10.1007/s11060-020-03396-w. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31933258.)).