Nucleolin (NCL) [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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=====Nucleolin (NCL)=====
Nucleolin was overexpressed in 67 % of [[ependymoma]] samples, demonstrating a subgroup with poor outcome; particularly [[infratentorial ependymoma]] and [[anaplastic ependymoma]]s. There was no significant correlation between the expression of [[EGFR]] and [[caveolin 1]] and clinical outcomes. Clinically, inferior prognosis was observed with regard to age (<18 years), intracranial location, high grade ependymomas, and incomplete resection. Chen et al. found that nucleolin was an unfavorable prognostic predictor for ependymomas. Moreover, the findings show a subset of aggravating outcomes in high-grade and [[infratentorial ependymoma]].
((Chen C, Chen L, Yao Y, Qin Z, Chen H. Nucleolin overexpression is associated
with an unfavorable outcome for ependymoma: a multifactorial analysis of 176
patients. J Neurooncol. 2015 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26615563.)).

NCL and HTERT represent the strongest prognostic biomarkers of RFS and OS, respectively, in a ependymoma case series
((Modena P, Buttarelli FR, Miceli R, Piccinin E, Baldi C, Antonelli M, Morra I, 
Lauriola L, Di Rocco C, Garrè ML, Sardi I, Genitori L, Maestro R, Gandola L,
Facchinetti F, Collini P, Sozzi G, Giangaspero F, Massimino M. Predictors of
outcome in an AIEOP series of childhood ependymomas: a multifactorial analysis.
Neuro Oncol. 2012 Nov;14(11):1346-56. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/nos245. Epub 2012 Oct
17. PubMed PMID: 23076205; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3480268.)).


Biomolecular studies have identified that gain of 1q25 and [[EGFR]] overexpression correlate to poor prognosis, whereas low expression of nucleolin correlated with a favorable outcome
((Massimino M, Buttarelli FR, Antonelli M, Gandola L, Modena P, Giangaspero F.
Intracranial ependymoma: factors affecting outcome. Future Oncol. 2009
Mar;5(2):207-16. doi: 10.2217/14796694.5.2.207. Review. PubMed PMID: 19284379.
)).

Low nucleolin expression was the single most important biological predictor of outcome in pediatric [[intracranial ependymoma]]. Furthermore, telomerase reactivation and maintenance of telomeric repeats appear necessary for childhood ependymoma progression. These findings require corroboration in a clinical trial setting
((Ridley L, Rahman R, Brundler MA, Ellison D, Lowe J, Robson K, Prebble E,
Luckett I, Gilbertson RJ, Parkes S, Rand V, Coyle B, Grundy RG; Children's Cancer
and Leukaemia Group Biological Studies Committee. Multifactorial analysis of
predictors of outcome in pediatric intracranial ependymoma. Neuro Oncol. 2008
Oct;10(5):675-89. doi: 10.1215/15228517-2008-036. Epub 2008 Aug 13. PubMed PMID: 
18701711; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2666244.
)).