Non-invasive neurosurgical procedure [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Non-invasive neurosurgical procedure ======

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Non-invasive [[neurosurgical procedure]]s are advanced [[technique]]s designed to treat neurological conditions without traditional [[open]] surgery. These methods aim to minimize patient risk, reduce recovery time, and improve precision. 


===== Examples =====


### 1. **[[Focused Ultrasound]] (FUS)**
   - **Use**: Treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and other movement disorders.
   - **How it Works**: High-intensity ultrasound waves are directed to a specific brain region to create a therapeutic lesion without making an incision.
   - **Advantages**: No need for scalpels, minimal recovery time, and immediate symptom relief in some cases.

### 2. **[[Gamma Knife Radiosurgery]]**
   - **Use**: Treatment of brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and trigeminal neuralgia.
   - **How it Works**: Focused beams of gamma radiation target the affected area with sub-millimeter precision.
   - **Advantages**: No incision, outpatient procedure, and highly effective in shrinking or destroying abnormal tissues.

### 3. **[[Endovascular Neurosurgery]]**
   - **Use**: Treatment of aneurysms, AVMs, and stroke.
   - **How it Works**: Catheters are guided through blood vessels to the brain, delivering coils or stents to repair or block damaged vessels.
   - **Advantages**: Minimally invasive, quick recovery, and reduced risk of infection compared to open surgery.

### 4. **[[Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation]] (TMS)**
   - **Use**: Treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and chronic pain.
   - **How it Works**: Magnetic fields stimulate specific brain areas to alter neural activity.
   - **Advantages**: Outpatient, painless, and no systemic side effects.

### 5. **[[Deep Brain Stimulation]] (DBS)**
   - While DBS is invasive in its implantation, adjustments and programming of the device can be done non-invasively, offering ongoing symptom management for conditions like Parkinson's disease or epilepsy.

### 6. **[[Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy]] (LITT)**
   - **Use**: Treatment of brain tumors and epilepsy.
   - **How it Works**: A laser probe is inserted through a small hole in the skull to ablate abnormal brain tissue.
   - **Advantages**: Less invasive than traditional craniotomy, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery.

### 7. **[[Optogenetics]] (Experimental)**
   - **Use**: Investigated for conditions like epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders.
   - **How it Works**: Light is used to control genetically modified neurons.
   - **Advantages**: Highly specific targeting of neural circuits.

### Advantages of Non-Invasive Procedures:
- **Reduced Risks**: Lower chances of infection, bleeding, and complications.
- **Shorter Recovery**: Patients often return to normal activities quickly.
- **Precision**: Advanced imaging and targeting technologies ensure accuracy.