Show pageBacklinksCite current pageExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ====== N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) ====== **Definition:** *N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)* is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine. It serves as a precursor to **glutathione**, a key intracellular antioxidant, and has **mucolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory**, and **neuroprotective** properties. ===== Mechanism of Action ===== * **Glutathione precursor:** NAC provides cysteine for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), enhancing cellular redox capacity. * **Mucolytic effect:** Breaks disulfide bonds in mucus glycoproteins, reducing viscosity. * **Antioxidant activity:** Scavenges free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). * **Anti-inflammatory effect:** Modulates NF-κB and cytokine production. * **Neuroprotective properties:** May reduce oxidative stress and excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions. ===== Clinical Uses ===== ^ Indication ^ Use/Effect ^ | **Acetaminophen overdose** | Antidote—restores hepatic glutathione and prevents hepatotoxicity. | | **Chronic respiratory diseases** | Mucolytic agent in COPD, cystic fibrosis, bronchitis. | | **Psychiatric disorders** | Investigated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD. | | **Neurological disorders** | Studied in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and traumatic brain injury. | | **Contrast-induced nephropathy** | Proposed renal protective effect (evidence inconclusive). | ===== Dosage & Administration ===== * **Oral:** Common in chronic use (e.g., 600–1800 mg/day). * **Intravenous:** High-dose protocols for acetaminophen toxicity. * **Inhaled (nebulized):** For mucolytic purposes. ===== Safety and Side Effects ===== * Generally well tolerated. * May cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or rare allergic reactions. * IV form may induce anaphylactoid reactions in sensitive individuals. ===== Research and Emerging Roles ===== * **COVID-19:** Investigated for reducing oxidative stress and cytokine storm. * **Cancer:** Explored for its role in modulating redox-sensitive oncogenic pathways. * **Prophylactic use:** In chronic diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. ===== References ===== * Samuni Y, et al. (2013). The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. *Biochim Biophys Acta*. * Millea PJ. (2009). N-acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications. *Am Fam Physician*. n-acetyl_cysteine.txt Last modified: 2025/06/30 23:06by administrador