Magnetic resonance [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Magnetic resonance ======



====== Techniques ======

Magnetic resonance techniques are non-invasive methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) principles. They are widely used in medical diagnostics, neuroscience, and research.

===== 🧠 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) =====
**Purpose:** Non-invasive imaging of soft tissues.  
**Principle:** Uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to align and perturb hydrogen nuclei.

see [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] 

==== Common MRI Sequences ====
  * **T1-weighted (T1W)** – Good for anatomy.
  * **T2-weighted (T2W)** – Highlights pathology (e.g. edema).
  * **FLAIR** – Suppresses CSF signal to detect periventricular lesions.
  * **DWI/ADC** – Detects diffusion restriction (e.g. acute stroke).
  * **SWI** – Sensitive to hemorrhage and calcification.
  * **fMRI** – Functional mapping based on BOLD signal.
  * **MRA (MR Angiography)** – Vascular imaging without catheterization.

===== 🧬 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) =====
**Purpose:** Quantifies brain metabolites (e.g., NAA, choline, creatine).  
**Use:** Brain tumors, metabolic disorders, epilepsy.

===== 💨 Diffusion Imaging =====
  * **DWI (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging):** Highlights areas with restricted water diffusion (e.g. stroke).
  * **DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging):** Maps white matter tracts using diffusion anisotropy.

===== 🩸 Perfusion Imaging (PWI) =====
**Purpose:** Evaluates tissue perfusion and vascular integrity.  
**Methods:**
  * **DSC (Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast)**
  * **DCE (Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced)**
  * **ASL (Arterial Spin Labeling)** – Contrast-free perfusion method.

===== 🧬 Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF) =====
**Innovative method** for simultaneous mapping of multiple tissue properties (T1, T2, etc.).  
**Advantages:** Faster scan, reproducible quantitative data.

===== 🧲 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) =====
**Purpose:** Highlights paramagnetic substances such as deoxyhemoglobin and iron.  
**Use:** Microbleeds, cavernomas, venous anatomy.

===== 🧪 Functional MRI (fMRI) =====
**Purpose:** Detects brain activation based on blood oxygenation (BOLD signal).  
**Applications:** Language and motor mapping, especially in presurgical planning.

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**Tags:** {{tag>mri radiology neurology imaging techniques}}