Lumbar interbody fusion [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Lumbar interbody fusion ======

Lumbar [[interbody fusion]] is a common treatment for a variety of spinal pathologies.

The influence of [[interbody cage]] positioning on clinical outcomes following lumbar interbody fusion is not well understood, though it has been hypothesized that insufficient mechanical loading of the interbody graft can prevent proper fusion of the joint.  

Lumbar [[interbody cage]]s placed from an anterior or lateral approach are desirable due to their large size, providing a stable fusion environment. Posterior implants are typically limited by their access corridor. Expandable footprint TLIF interbodies may allow for a minimally invasive TLIF approach with the biomechanical benefits of an ALIF-sized graft; however this requires experimental investigation
((Cannestra AF, Peterson MD, Parker SR, Roush TF, Bundy JV, Turner AW. MIS
Expandable Interbody Spacers: A Literature Review and Biomechanical Comparison of
an Expandable MIS TLIF with Conventional TLIF and ALIF. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).
2016 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26825792.)).

see [[Endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion]] 
===== Types =====

The main surgical techniques used are: 

[[Posterior lumbar fusion]] ([[PLF]])

[[Anterior lumbar interbody fusion]] (ALIF).

[[Posterior lumbar interbody fusion]] (PLIF)

[[Lateral lumbar interbody fusion]] (LLIF)

[[Oblique lumbar interbody fusion]] (OLIF)

[[Oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion]] [[OLLIF]]

[[Extreme lateral lumbar interbody fusion]] (XLIF)

====Posterior====

[[Posterior lumbar interbody fusion]](PLIF)

[[Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion]](TLIF)

[[Extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion]] (ELIF)


====Anterior====
[[Anterior lumbar interbody fusion]] (ALIF)

Endoscopic assisted anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)

Axial lumbar interbody fusion (Ax-LIF)

====Lateral====

[[Lateral lumbar interbody fusion]] (LLIF)

[[Extreme Lateral lumbar interbody fusión]] (XLIF).

====Complications====
In elderly patients with severe [[osteoporosis]], instrumented lumbar interbody fusion may result in fixation failure or [[nonunion]] because of decreased [[pedicle screw]] pullout strength or increased interbody graft subsidence risk. Thus, given its many advantages, percutaneous pedicle screw fixation with cement augmentation can be an effective method to use in elderly patients. 

====Outcome====
The aim of a study was to determine if patients with [[lumbar intervertebral disc disease]] who achieve radiographic fusion after single-level [[lumbar interbody fusion]] have better clinical outcomes than patients with radiographic [[pseudarthrosis]] at 12 and 24 months postoperative.

Individual patient-level data of 4 [[randomized controlled trial]]s (RCTs) were obtained from the [[Yale University Open Data Access]] Project project and analyzed. Clinical [[outcome]]s ([[Oswestry Disability Index]] [ODI]; Numeric Rating Scales [NRSs] for back and leg pain) were compared between patients with radiographically confirmed fusion and those with radiographic nonunion 1 and 2 years postoperative. The results of each study were first analyzed separately, and then were pooled by [[metaanalysis]]. The GRADE approach was applied to evaluate the level of evidence.

A total of 496 patients with clinical and radiographic data at 1- and 2-year follow-ups were identified. Of these, 5.5% (95% confidence interval: 3.7; 8.3) had radiographic nonunion which did not require reoperation. Patients with fusion had better improvements in ODI (P < 0.001) and NRS back pain scores (P < 0.001). The overall percentage of fused patients with ODI and NRS back pain scores that exceeded the criteria for minimal clinically important differences was also significantly higher than that of patients with nonunion (ODI, odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, P = 0.019; NRS back pain, OR = 3.5, P = 0.033). The predictive values of fusion for clinical outcomes, however, were poor, with low specificity and low negative predictive values.

The presence of radiographic fusion is clinically significant, as patients with fusion had better clinical outcomes at 1 and 2 years postoperative than those with nonunion; however, patient-centered clinical outcomes should also be taken into consideration as independent, complimentary variables when assessing treatment success
((Noshchenko A, Lindley EM, Burger EL, Cain CM, Patel VV. What Is the Clinical
Relevance of Radiographic Nonunion After Single-Level Lumbar Interbody
Arthrodesis in Degenerative Disc Disease?: A Meta-Analysis of the YODA Project
Database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016 Jan;41(1):9-17. doi:
10.1097/BRS.0000000000001113. PubMed PMID: 26274529.
)).


==== Bone Remodeling in Lumbar Interbody Fusion ====
[[Bone Remodeling in Lumbar Interbody Fusion]] 
===== Case series =====

From January 2007 to December 2019, 141 adult patients who underwent multilevel [[interbody fusion]] for [[Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease]]s were enrolled. Regarding the approach, patients were divided into the ALIF (n=23), OLIF (n=60), and TLIF (n=58) groups. Outcomes, including local radiographic parameters and global sagittal alignment, were then compared between the treatment groups.

Results: Regarding local radiographic parameters, ALIF and OLIF were superior to TLIF in terms of the change in the anterior disc height (7.6 ± 4.5 mm vs. 6.9 ± 3.2 mm vs. 4.7 ± 2.9 mm, p=0.000), disc angle (-10.0° ± 6.3° vs. -9.2° ± 5.2° vs. -5.1° ± 5.1°, p=0.000), and fused segment lordosis (-14.5° ± 11.3° vs. -13.8° ± 7.5° vs. -7.4° ± 9.1°, p=0.000). However, regarding global sagittal alignment, postoperative lumbar lordosis (-42.5° ± 9.6° vs. -44.4° ± 11.6° vs. -40.6° ± 12.3°, p=0.210), pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (7.9° ± 11.3° vs. 6.7° ± 11.6° vs. 11.5° ± 13.0°, p=0.089), and the sagittal vertical axis (24.3 ± 28.5 mm vs. 24.5 ± 34.0 mm vs. 25.2 ± 36.6 mm, p=0.990) did not differ between the groups.

Although the anterior approaches were superior in terms of local radiographic parameters, [[TLIF]] achieved adequate global [[sagittal alignment]], comparable to the anterior approaches
((Yoon J, Choi HY, Jo DJ. Comparison of Outcomes of Multi-level Anterior, Oblique, Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery : Impact on Global Sagittal Alignment. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2022 Aug 23. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2022.0112. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35996945.)).