Kainic acid [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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=====Kainic acid=====
Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic agent commonly used to induce [[epilepsy]] in [[rodent]]s. The relationship between KA-induced neuronal damage and Golgi complex fragmentation has not been investigated, leaving a major gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the development of pathophysiology in epilepsy. 

Kaneko et al cultured primary [[rat]] [[cortical neuron]]s either in ambient condition (control) or treated with a range of KA doses to reveal whether [[Golgi complex]] fragmentation impaired neuronal function. The half-life maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) value of KA was detected to be approximately 5 μM, whereby at these concentrations, KA impaired neuronal viability, which was closely associated with initial Golgi complex fragmentation and subsequent reduction in both the expression and glycosylation patterns of [[Reelin]]. These findings implicate that Golgi complex fragmentation and Reelin dysfunction are key contributors to neuronal cell death in the early stage of epilepsy pathophysiology, thereby representing as novel disease [[biomarker]]s, as well as potent therapeutic targets for epilepsy
((Kaneko Y, Sullivan R, Dailey T, Vale FL, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV. Kainic
Acid-Induced Golgi Complex Fragmentation/Dispersal Shifts the Proteolysis of
Reelin in Primary Rat Neuronal Cells: An In Vitro Model of Early Stage Epilepsy. 
Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Apr;53(3):1874-83. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9126-1. Epub 2015 
Mar 21. PubMed PMID: 25790952; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4577368.)).