Intraventricular tumor [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Intraventricular tumor ======

Intraventricular [[tumor]] are rare and arise from periventricular structures such as the walls of the [[ventricular system]], the [[septum pellucidum]], and the [[choroid plexus]]. Many tumor types arise from, or can bulge into the [[ventricular system]], although there are certain lesions that are relatively restricted to [[ventricle]]s.  A number of factors assist in defining the differential diagnosis, both radiological and clinical, including where the lesion is positioned within the ventricle as well as age and any associated conditions.

===== Pediatric Intraventricular Tumor =====
[[Pediatric Intraventricular Tumor]]

===== Fourth ventricle tumor =====

see [[Fourth ventricle tumor]].

===== Third ventricle tumor =====

see [[Third ventricle tumor]].

Neoplasms of the ventricular wall and [[septum pellucidum]].

[[Ependymoma]]

[[Subependymoma]]

[[Central neurocytoma]]

[[Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma]]

Neoplasms of the [[choroid plexus]].

see [[choroid plexus tumor]]s

[[choroid plexus papilloma]]

[[choroid plexus carcinoma]]

Others
[[Intraventricular hemangiopericytoma]]

[[Intraventricular meningioma]]

[[Intraventricular metastases]]

[[Intraventricular oligodendroglioma]]

[[pilocytic astrocytoma]]

[[Intraventricular glioblastoma]]

Intraventricular CNS lymphoma

Primary [[B cell lymphoma]]s should always be included in the list of differential diagnosis of [[intraventricular tumor]]s
((Zhu Y, Ye K, Zhan R, Tong Y. Multifocal lateral and fourth ventricular primary
central nervous system lymphoma: case report and literature review. Turk
Neurosurg. 2015;25(3):493-5. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.10496-14.1. PubMed PMID: 
26037194.))

medulloblastoma

primitive neuroectodermal tumour

sarcoma

intraventricular teratoma

Non-neoplastic lesions 

colloid cysts

neurocysticercosis

intracranial [[hydatid cyst]]

[[Intraventricular Tuberculoma]]

See also

syndrome of the trigone

===== Lateral ventricle tumor =====


[[Lateral ventricle tumor]]




===== Diagnosis =====

[[Intraventricular tumor diagnosis]]



===== Differential diagnosis =====

[[Intraventricular tumor Differential diagnosis]]


====Treatment====
The deep location and eloquent surroundings of the ventricular system within the brain have historically posed significant and often formidable challenges for the optimal resection of tumors in these locations. 

The evolution and advances in microsurgical techniques and neuroanatomic knowledge have led to a general paradigm shift from transcerebral trajectories to transcisternal corridor strategies. The essence of microsurgery of the ventricular system has evolved around the concept of circumnavigating eloquent cortical and white matter structures to achieve minimally invasive access and resection while optimizing functional and cognitive outcomes
((Yaşargil MG, Abdulrauf SI. Surgery of intraventricular tumors. Neurosurgery.
2008 Jun;62(6 Suppl 3):1029-40; discussion 1040-1. doi:
10.1227/01.neu.0000333768.12951.9a. Review. PubMed PMID: 18695523.)).

----
Intraventricular tumors are ideal indications for neuroendoscopic surgery. They often cause cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway obstruction, resulting in ventricular dilation, which provides sufficient space for maneuvering with the endoscope. 

The general principle of the endoscopic removal of intraventricular tumors is interruption of the blood supply to the tumor and subsequent tumor debulking. In general, a piecemeal resection is performed; however, in some tumors, it is possible to detach the lesion from the surrounding brain tissue and remove it in toto. In unilateral hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of one foramen of Monro, the burr hole is placed more laterally to get good access to the foramen for biopsy and to the septum for septostomy. When the tumor arises in the anterior part of the third ventricle, the burr hole is made at the coronal suture. When the tumor is located in the posterior part, the entry point is selected more anteriorly in order to pass the foramen of Monro in a straight line. In pineal region tumors, which cause occlusive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal compression, third ventriculostomy as well as tumor biopsy are required
((Schroeder HW. Intraventricular tumors. World Neurosurg. 2013 Feb;79(2
Suppl):S17.e15-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.02.023. Epub 2012 Feb 10. Review.
PubMed PMID: 22381840.
)).

The endoscopic approach should be tailored according to localization of the lesion and ventricular size. The complete excision of intraventricular lesions is often impossible with the endoscope, but biopsies allow diagnoses to be obtained in almost all cases
((Russo N, Brunori A, Delitala A. Endoscopic Approaches to Intraventricular
Lesions. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2015 May 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 26008954.
)).
====Endoscopic surgery====
In select patients, complete endoscopic removal of solid intraventricular brain tumors is possible and safe. Factors that influence the ability of a surgeon to perform a complete endoscopic resection include tumor size, composition, and vascularity. The procedure requires careful patient selection, the use of refined endoscopic instrumentation, and a disciplined surgical technique
((Souweidane MM, Luther N. Endoscopic resection of solid intraventricular brain 
tumors. J Neurosurg. 2006 Aug;105(2):271-8. PubMed PMID: 17219833.
)).

see [[Endoscopic surgery for intraventricular tumor]]
====Recommended Literature====
((Yasargil MG, Abdulrauf SI. Surgery of intraventricular tumors. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(6 suppl 3):1029-1040)).