Immunological landscape [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Immunological landscape ======

The immunological [[landscape]] refers to the overall state and composition of the [[immune system]] in a given [[organism]] or [[population]]. This includes factors such as the types and numbers of [[immune cell]]s present, their activation status, and the presence of antibodies or other immune factors. The immunological landscape can vary greatly depending on many factors, including age, health status, genetics, exposure to pathogens, and other environmental factors, and can have a significant impact on an individual's susceptibility to disease.
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The [[immune]] landscape within the [[Tumor Microenvironment]] is the result of a complex interplay between many [[immune]] components, including the presence of chemoattractant factors, [[immunogenicity]] associated with the mutational burden of the tumor, alteration of antigen presentation mechanisms, or the action of immunosuppressive mechanisms (anti-inflammatory factors and immune checkpoints). Other extrinsic factors, such as vascularization and tumor location, can be critical aspects that influence the immune status of the tumor as well. In this context, it is clear that there is a causal relationship between the immune response and cancer development, and, therefore, analysis of the immune context holds enormous clinical potential. 
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Karimi et al. applied [[imaging mass cytometry]] to characterize the [[immunological landscape]] of 139 [[high-grade glioma]] and 46 [[brain metastases]] tumours from patients. [[Single-cell technology]] analysis of more than 1.1 million cells across 389 high-dimensional [[histopathology]] images enabled the spatial resolution of immune lineages and activation states, revealing differences in [[immune]] [[landscape]]s between [[primary tumor]]s and [[brain metastases]] from diverse solid [[cancer]]s. These analyses revealed cellular neighbourhoods associated with survival in patients with [[glioblastoma]], which we leveraged to identify a unique population of [[myeloperoxidase]] (MPO)-positive [[macrophage]]s associated with long-term survival. The findings provide insight into the biology of primary and metastatic brain tumours, reinforcing the value of integrating spatial resolution to single-cell datasets to dissect the [[microenvironment]]al contexture of [[cancer]]
((Karimi E, Yu MW, Maritan SM, Perus LJM, Rezanejad M, Sorin M, Dankner M, Fallah P, Doré S, Zuo D, Fiset B, Kloosterman DJ, Ramsay L, Wei Y, Lam S, Alsajjan R, Watson IR, Roldan Urgoiti G, Park M, Brandsma D, Senger DL, Chan JA, Akkari L, Petrecca K, Guiot MC, Siegel PM, Quail DF, Walsh LA. Single-cell spatial immune landscapes of primary and metastatic brain tumours. Nature. 2023 Feb 1. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05680-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36725935.))