Hyperconnectivity [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Hyperconnectivity ======
Hyperconnectivity is a common response to neurological disruption and that it may be differentially observable across brain regions. 
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[[Tourette syndrome]] (TS) is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] characterized by motor and vocal [[tic]]s, which is often associated with psychiatric comorbidities. [[Dysfunction]] of [[basal ganglia]] [[pathway]]s might account for the wide spectrum of symptoms in TS patients. Although psychiatric symptoms may be related to [[limbic]] [[network]]s, the specific contribution of different limbic structures remains unclear. 

Temiz et al. used [[tractography]] to investigate cortical [[connectivity]] with the striatal area ([[caudate]], [[putamen]], core and shell of the [[nucleus accumbens]]), the [[subthalamic nucleus]] (STN), and the adjacent medial [[subthalamic]] region (MSR) in 58 TS patients and 35 healthy volunteers. 82% of TS patients showed psychiatric comorbidities, with significantly higher levels of [[anxiety]] and [[impulsivity]] compared to controls. [[Tractography]] analysis revealed significantly increased limbic cortical connectivity of the left MSR with the [[entorhinal cortex]] (BA34), [[insular cortex]] (BA48), and [[temporal cortex]] (BA38) in TS patients compared to controls. Furthermore, they found that left insular-STN connectivity was positively correlated with impulsivity scores for all subjects and with anxiety scores for all subjects, particularly for TS. The study highlights a heterogenous modification of limbic [[structure]] [[connectivity]] in TS, with specific abnormalities found for the [[subthalamic]] [[area]]. Abnormal [[connectivity]] with the [[insular cortex]] might underpin the higher level of [[impulsivity]] and [[anxiety]] observed in [[Tourette syndrome]]
((Temiz G, Atkinson-Clement C, Lau B, Czernecki V, Bardinet E, Francois C, Worbe Y, Karachi C. Structural [[hyperconnectivity]] of the [[subthalamic]] [[area]] with limbic cortices underpins [[anxiety]] and [[impulsivity]] in [[Tourette syndrome]]. Cereb Cortex. 2022 Oct 30:bhac408. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac408. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36310093.)).