Hearing loss after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm [Neurosurgery Wiki]

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
====== Hearing loss after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm ======

{{ ::hearing_loss_after_microvascular_decompression_for_hemifacial_spasm.jpg?200|}}

===== Risk factors =====

The [[cochlear nerve]] function is at risk during [[microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm]]. 

Cause and risk factors are highly variable.

A study strongly suggested a correlation between the cerebellar retraction factors, especially retraction depth and duration, and possibility of hearing loss following MVD for HFS
((Li N, Zhao WG, Pu CH, Yang WL. Quantitative study of the correlation between
cerebellar retraction factors and hearing loss following microvascular
decompression for hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018
Jan;160(1):145-150. doi: 10.1007/s00701-017-3368-9. Epub 2017 Oct 26. PubMed
PMID: 29075904.
)).

Intradural compression due to overinfusion of saline may lead to postoperative hearing loss, although the incidence is low, and immediate decompression by drainage may be required
((Jo KW, Lee JA, Park K, Cho YS. A new possible mechanism of hearing loss after 
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Otol Neurotol. 2013
Sep;34(7):1247-52. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31829b5786. PubMed PMID: 23942352.
)).

===== Prevention =====

Intraoperative monitoring of [[brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] (BAEPs) can be a useful tool to decrease the danger of hearing loss
((Lee MH, Lee S, Park SK, Lee JA, Park K. Delayed hearing loss after
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019
Mar;161(3):503-508. doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3774-7. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed
PMID: 30569226.
))
((Park SK, Joo BE, Lee S, Lee JA, Hwang JH, Kong DS, Seo DW, Park K, Lee HT. The
critical warning sign of real-time brainstem auditory evoked potentials during
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018
May;129(5):1097-1102. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.032. Epub 2018 Jan 4. PubMed 
PMID: 29342440.
))
((El Damaty A, Rosenstengel C, Matthes M, Baldauf J, Dziemba O, Hosemann W,
Schroeder HWS. A New Score to Predict the Risk of Hearing Impairment After
Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm. Neurosurgery. 2017 Nov
1;81(5):834-843. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyx111. PubMed PMID: 28973677.
)).

It is important to emphasize the need for clean exposure of the lower cranial nerves (except for cranial nerve VIII) to obtain enough working space, sharp arachnoid dissection, minimal cerebellar retraction, and proper responses to changes identified during intraoperative monitoring
((Jung NY, Lee SW, Park CK, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Hearing Outcome
Following Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: Series of 1434 Cases.
World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:566-571. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.053. Epub 2017
Sep 18. PubMed PMID: 28927910.
)).

===== Diagnosis =====
Prolongation of the inter-peak latency of waves I-III seems to be associated with the occurrence of delayed hearing loss. It is possible that BAEP changes may predict delayed hearing loss, but confirmatory evidence is not available as yet. Analysis of more cases is necessary to determine the utility of BAEP [[monitoring]] to predict delayed hearing loss after MVD and to identify its exact cause
((Lee MH, Lee S, Park SK, Lee JA, Park K. Delayed hearing loss after
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019
Mar;161(3):503-508. doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3774-7. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed
PMID: 30569226.
)).


===== Case series =====

Lee et al., from the [[Samsung Medical Center]] in a study aimed to analyze cases of delayed hearing loss after [[microvascular decompression]] (MVD) for [[hemifacial spasm]] and identify the characteristic features of these patients.

They retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 3462 patients who underwent MVD for hemifacial spasm between January 1998 and August 2017.

Among these, there were 5 cases in which [[hearing]] was normal immediately postoperatively but delayed [[hearing loss]] occurred. None of the 5 patients reported any hearing disturbance immediately after the operation. However, they developed hearing problems suddenly after some time (median, 22 days; range 10-45 days). On examination, sensorineural hearing loss was confirmed. High-dose [[corticosteroid]] treatment was prescribed. Preoperative hearing levels were restored after several months (median duration from the time of the operation, 45 days; range 22-118 days). Interestingly, the inter-peak latency of waves I-III in the [[brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] ([[BAEP]]) was prolonged during the surgery, but recovered within a short time.

Delayed hearing loss may occur after MVD for HFS. Prolongation of the inter-peak latency of waves I-III seems to be associated with the occurrence of delayed hearing loss. It is possible that BAEP changes may predict delayed hearing loss, but confirmatory evidence is not available as yet. Analysis of more cases is necessary to determine the utility of BAEP [[monitoring]] to predict delayed hearing loss after MVD and to identify its exact cause
((Lee MH, Lee S, Park SK, Lee JA, Park K. Delayed hearing loss after
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019
Mar;161(3):503-508. doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3774-7. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed
PMID: 30569226.
)).
----
Nine hundred and thirty-two patients with HFS who underwent MVD with intraoperative monitoring (IOM) of BAEP were analyzed. Park et al., used a 43.9 Hz/s stimulation rate and 400 averaging trials to obtain BAEP. To evaluate HL, pure-tone audiometry and speech discrimination scoring were performed before and one week after surgery. We analyzed the incidence for postoperative HL according to BAEP changes and calculated the diagnostic accuracy of significant warning criteria.

Only 11 (1.2%) patients experienced postoperative HL. The group showing permanent loss of wave V showed the largest percentage of postoperative HL (p < 0.001). No patient who experienced only latency prolongation (≥1 ms) had postoperative HL. Loss of wave V and latency prolongation (≥1 ms) with amplitude decrement (≥50%) were highly associated with postoperative HL.

Loss of wave V and latency prolongation of 1 ms with amplitude decrement ≥50% were the critical warning signs of BAEP for predicting postoperative HL
((Park SK, Joo BE, Lee S, Lee JA, Hwang JH, Kong DS, Seo DW, Park K, Lee HT. The
critical warning sign of real-time brainstem auditory evoked potentials during
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018
May;129(5):1097-1102. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.032. Epub 2018 Jan 4. PubMed 
PMID: 29342440.
)).
----
Jung et al., retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with HFS who underwent MVD with the same surgeon from March 2003 to October 2016, and reviewed the pertinent literature. Patients who were followed up for more than 6 months were selected, resulting in the analysis of 1434 total patients. Postoperative hearing complications were evaluated audiometrically and subjectively (patient-reported symptoms). Clinical factors such as the intraoperative findings were reviewed to identify their correlation with auditory function.

Symptoms in 1333/1434 patients (93.0%) resolved more than 90% from their preoperative state. Among them, 16 patients (1.1%) complained of hearing impairment after surgery. Most impairment was transient, although 6/1333 patients (0.4%) required additional interventions for persistent hearing deficits (one surgical intervention and five hearing aids). A >50% decrease in the amplitude of brainstem auditory evoked potentials during the operation was significantly associated with postoperative hearing deficits.

Few auditory complications, mostly transient, result from MVD. Although MVD is a commonplace surgical technique, to reduce complications it is important to emphasize the need for clean exposure of the lower cranial nerves (except for cranial nerve VIII) to obtain enough working space, sharp arachnoid dissection, minimal cerebellar retraction, and proper responses to changes identified during intraoperative monitoring
((Jung NY, Lee SW, Park CK, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Hearing Outcome
Following Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: Series of 1434 Cases.
World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:566-571. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.053. Epub 2017
Sep 18. PubMed PMID: 28927910.
))
----


Three hundred thirty-one patients with HFS underwent MVD from March 2009 to October 2010.

Brain stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) was monitored during the surgery. Before completion of the dural closure, the surgical field was routinely filled with warm saline to avoid postoperative [[pneumocephalus]] and [[epidural hematoma]].

Seven patients experienced a change in wave V amplitude and latency after the dural closure. In 2 patients, the amplitudes decreased by less than 50%, and latencies were delayed by less than 1.0 ms, ipsilaterally in 1 patient and contralaterally in the other. In 1 patient, decreased amplitude and delayed latency appeared bilaterally with more severity on the operated side, accompanied by delayed ipsilateral permanent hearing loss. In 4 of the 7 patients, an ipsilateral response of BAEP was completely absent. Of these 4 patients, 2 experienced permanent hearing loss, and another 2 patients who underwent dural reopening and saline drainage had restoration of their normal hearing.

Intradural compression due to overinfusion of saline may lead to postoperative hearing loss, although the incidence is low, and immediate decompression by drainage may be required
((Jo KW, Lee JA, Park K, Cho YS. A new possible mechanism of hearing loss after 
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Otol Neurotol. 2013
Sep;34(7):1247-52. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31829b5786. PubMed PMID: 23942352.
)).
----
668 patients (95.7%) had no hearing loss immediately after surgery (group 1). 17 patients (2.4%) had a postoperative decrease in PTA exceeding 15 dB and a decrease in SDS which was proportional to the postoperative PTA thresholds (group 2). Eight patients (1.2%) had poor SDS that appeared to be out of proportion to the degree of hearing loss depicted by the postoperative PTA thresholds, suggesting retrocochlear or cochlear nerve pathology (group 3). Five patients (0.7%) had total deafness after surgery (group 4). In group 2, 12 patients (70.6%) returned to their preoperative hearing capacity. However, among the eight patients in group 3 and five in group 4, only two (25%) and none (0%) have returned to their preoperative hearing status, respectively.

In this large study, permanent hearing loss occurred in 16 patients (2.2%). Patients with a mild hearing loss with a good SDS (cochlear type) demonstrated much better prognosis than those with poor SDS (retrocochlear type) or total deafness. In addition, total deafness after surgery had no chance of recovery to preoperative hearing capacity
((Park K, Hong SH, Hong SD, Cho YS, Chung WH, Ryu NG. Patterns of hearing loss
after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry. 2009 Oct;80(10):1165-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.136713. PubMed PMID:
19762909.
)).
----

Auditory function was studied before and after surgery in 143 consecutive patients who were operated on for hemifacial spasm by microvascular decompression of the intracranial portion of the facial nerve. The [[acoustic reflex]] was abnormal preoperatively in 41% of the patients, indicating that the vascular abnormalities that caused the hemifacial spasm also affected the auditory nerve. Three patients suffered a profound hearing loss in the ear on the operated side, and one lost hearing function totally. In addition, 24 patients had a moderate elevation in the pure-tone threshold at one or more octave frequencies. Of these, 16 patients experienced a hearing loss at only one frequency (8000 Hz), while eight had a threshold evaluation of no more than 20 dB in the speech frequency range (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz). Two patients were deaf on the side of the spasm before the operation. Three patients were not tested postoperatively, and one patient was tested only after surgery. Thus, in this series of 143 patients, only 2.8% suffered a significant hearing loss as a complication of facial nerve decompression to relieve hemifacial spasm
((Møller MB, Møller AR. Loss of auditory function in microvascular decompression
for hemifacial spasm. Results in 143 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg. 1985
Jul;63(1):17-20. PubMed PMID: 4009269.
)).

===== Case reports =====
Onoda et al., reported two unusual cases of delayed hearing loss after microvascular decompression (MVD) for [[hemifacial spasm]]. In the first case, A 59-year-old female noted left [[hearing loss]] one week after receiving MVD for left hemifacial spasm. In the second case, A 39-year-old male also noticed ipsilateral hearing loss on the 7th day after MVD for right hemifacial spasm. Both cases were treated by [[steroid]]. Two months after the onset, their hearing function improved dramatically. These cases indicated that the delayed hearing loss after MVD for [[hemifacial spasm]] can occur, even when gentle microsurgical technique is used, but the prognosis for this condition is fairly good
((Onoda K, Ono S, Miyoshi Y, Tokunaga K, Date I. [Delayed hearing loss after
microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: report of two cases]. No
Shinkei Geka. 2006 Oct;34(10):1045-9. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 17052017.
)).

===== Unclassified =====
Delayed hearing loss after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm-an unsolved conspiracy of the cochlear apparatus
((Tuleasca C, Copaciu R, Aureli V, Aghakhani N, Parker F, Levivier M. Delayed
hearing loss after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm-an unsolved
conspiracy of the cochlear apparatus. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019 Jun 1. doi:
10.1007/s00701-019-03957-7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31152242.
)).

===== References =====