Enterobacter cloacae [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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=====Enterobacter cloacae=====
[[Enterobacter]] cloacae is a clinically significant [[Gram negative bacteria]], facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.

One of the three most common Gram-negative bacilli were [[Serratia marcescens]] (7, 10.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6, 8.7%), and Enterobacter cloacae (4, 5.8%) in post-neurosurgical bacterial [[meningitis]]
((Chang CJ, Ye JJ, Yang CC, Huang PY, Chiang PC, Lee MH. Influence of
third-generation cephalosporin resistance on adult in-hospital mortality from
post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010
Aug;43(4):301-9. doi: 10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60047-3. PubMed PMID: 20688290.)).

====Case reports====
===2014===
Cascio et al. report a case of post-neurosurgical [[ventriculitis]] caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae successfully treated with intraventricular [[colistin]].  It was sensitive only to fosfomycin, tigecycline, and colistin, and 6 days of intravenous colistin had failed to eradicate the infection. This case provides clinical evidence to support the administration of intraventricular colistin in such patients
((Cascio A, Mezzatesta ML, Odierna A, Di Bernardo F, Barberi G, Iaria C, Stefani
S, Giordano S. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae ventriculitis successfully treated
with intraventricular colistin. Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Mar;20:66-7. doi:
10.1016/j.ijid.2013.11.012. Epub 2014 Jan 9. PubMed PMID: 24412601.)).
----
===1996===
In a 20-month-old girl who had a congenital dermal sinus leading to an intradural dermoid cyst. In addition to the midline dermoid cyst, computerized tomography revealed an enhancing lesion extending into the adjacent left cerebellar hemisphere. Suboccipital craniectomy was undertaken after 2 days of external ventricular drainage, and the infected dermoid and adjacent cerebellar abscess were excised. Cultures of the operative specimen revealed Corynobacterium aquaticum, Enterobacter sakazakii and Enterobacter cloacae, requiring 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy consisting of ceftriaxone, penicillin and [[gentamicin]]
((Tekkök IH, Baeesa SS, Higgins MJ, Ventureyra EC. Abscedation of posterior
fossa dermoid cysts. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996 Jun;12(6):318-22. Review. PubMed
PMID: 8816296.
)).
----
A 64-year-old man with frontal meningioma developed purulent meningitis due to Enterobacter cloacae after neurosurgery. He was initially treated with ciprofloxacin, rifampin and amikacin and because of persistence of fever, he was moved to piperacillin/tazobactam. After 5 days of therapy, he developed coma secondary to intracranial hemorrhage and died. By then, the platelet count was normal (220,000/microliters), but the prothrombin time (19.5 seconds) and the partial thromboplastin time (63 seconds) were significantly prolonged. Our data suggest that piperacillin/tazobactam is a reliable therapy for complicated, non-complicated, community or hospital-acquired UTI
((Sifuentes-Osornio J, Jakob E, Clara L, Durlach R, Dain A, Ruìz-Palacios GM,
Barkan L, Lamberghini R, Jáuregui A, Villalobos Y, Sáenz-Aguirre C, de la Cabada 
FJ, Rodríguez-Toledo A, Zavala-Trujillo I, Gamboa MA, Fuentes del Toro S, Froiler
C, Maglio F, Quiroga JV, Rojas JJ, Conde-Carmona I. Piperacillin/tazobactam in
the treatment of hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections: an open
non-comparative and multicentered trial. J Chemother. 1996 Apr;8(2):122-9. PubMed
PMID: 8708743.
)).
----
===1980===
A case of successful treatment of a functioning ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection with high doses of intraventricular gentamicin sulfate is reported. The VP shunt reservoir of a four-month-old girl with hydrocephalus became infected. The scalp wound was debrided and intravenous methicillin sodium, 200 mg every six hours, was administered. When culture and sensitivity tests later showed Enterobacter cloacae, methicillin was discontinued. Intraventricular gentamicin, 2 mg/day, and intravenous carbenicillin, 400 mg/kg/day, were administered. Gentamicin dosage was increased twice over the next eight days to 6 mg/day. The trough cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gentamicin level at 2 mg/day was 1.7 micrograms/ml, at 4 mg/day was 0.7 microgram/ml and at 6 mg/day was 19.6 micrograms/ml. Gentamicin was discontinued after 14 days; carbenicillin was continued for 7 more days. For a second shunt infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, intraventricular gentamicin and intravenous chloramphenicol were given for 21 days. Previous reports of ventricular shunt infections are reviewed. The report indicates that it is possible to achieve therapeutic CSF levels of gentamicin in patients with patent VP shunts by administering 2--5 times (depending on ventricle size) the usual intraventricular dose
((Katz MD, Rapp RP, Walsh JW. Infection in a functioning ventriculoperitoneal
shunt treated with intraventricular gentamicin. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980
Feb;37(2):268-71. PubMed PMID: 6987866.
)).