Electronic health record (EHR) [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Electronic health record (EHR) ======

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see [[Medical history]].
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An electronic [[health record]] (EHR), or [[electronic medical record]] (EMR), refers to the systematized collection of [[patient]] and population electronically-stored [[health]] [[information]] in a [[digital]] format.

The use of [[computer]]s as [[safety]] and [[research]] tools to [[monitor]], record, and automate patient
[[information]] was proposed as early as 1960
((Leatherman ST, Hibbard JH, McGlynn EA. A research agenda to advance quality measurement and improvement. Med Care. 2003;41(1 Suppl):I80-86.)).

These records can be shared across different [[health care]] settings. [[Record]]s are shared through [[network]]-connected, enterprise-wide information systems or other information networks and exchanges. EHRs may include a range of [[data]], including [[demographics]], [[medical history]], [[medication]] and allergies, immunization status, [[laboratory test]] results, radiology images, vital signs, personal statistics like age and weight, and billing information.

EHR systems are designed to store data accurately and to capture the state of a patient across time. It eliminates the need to track down a patient's previous paper medical records and assists in ensuring data is accurate and legible. It can reduce risk of data replication as there is only one modifiable file, which means the file is more likely up to date, and decreases risk of lost paperwork. Due to the digital information being searchable and in a single file, EMR's are more effective when extracting medical data for the examination of possible trends and long term changes in a patient. Population-based studies of medical records may also be facilitated by the widespread adoption of EHR's and EMR's.
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[[NIH]] encourages the use of [[common data elements]] (CDEs) in clinical research, patient registries, and other human subject research in order to improve [[data quality]] and opportunities for comparison and combination of data from multiple studies and with [[electronic health record]]s.
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[[Neurosurgical documentation]] is usually stored in unstructured format in [[electronic health record]]s (EHR). Processing the information is inconvenient and time consuming and should be enhanced by computer systems. In a paper, a rule-based method is introduced that identifies adverse events documented in the EHR that occurred during treatment. For this purpose, clinical documents are transformed into a semantic structure from which adverse events are extracted. The method is evaluated in a user study with neurosurgeons. In comparison to a bag of word classification using support vector machines, our approach achieved comparably good results of 65% recall and 78% precision. In conclusion, the rule-based method generates promising results that can support physicians' decision making. Because of the structured format the data can be reused for other purposes as well
((Gaebel J, Kolter T, Arlt F, Denecke K. Extraction Of Adverse Events From
Clinical Documents To Support Decision Making Using Semantic Preprocessing. Stud 
Health Technol Inform. 2015;216:1030. PubMed PMID: 26262330.
)).
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The creation of medical notes in software applications poses an intrinsic problem in workflow as the technology inherently intervenes in the processes of collecting and assembling information, as well as the production of a data-driven note that meets both individual and healthcare system requirements. In addition, the note writing applications in currently available [[electronic health record]]s (EHRs) do not function to support decision making to any substantial degree. 

Deliberato et al. suggest that [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) could be utilized to facilitate the workflows of the data collection and assembly processes, as well as to support the development of personalized, yet data-driven assessments and plans
((Deliberato RO, Celi LA, Stone DJ. Clinical Note Creation, Binning, and
Artificial Intelligence. JMIR Med Inform. 2017 Aug 3;5(3):e24. doi:
10.2196/medinform.7627. PubMed PMID: 28778845.
)).
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SYNODOS, developed a NLP solution for detecting medical events in electronic medical records for epidemiological purposes
((Tvardik N, Kergourlay I, Bittar A, Segond F, Darmoni S, Metzger MH. Accuracy
of using natural language processing methods for identifying
healthcare-associated infections. Int J Med Inform. 2018 Sep;117:96-102. doi:
10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 30032970.
)).

====== Electronic Health Record Standardization ======
[[Electronic Health Record Standardization]].