Dural venous sinus thrombosis [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Dural venous sinus thrombosis ======
Dural [[venous sinus thrombosis]] is a subset of [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]], often coexisting with cortical or deep vein thrombosis, and presenting in similar fashions, depending mainly on which sinus is involved.

As such, please refer to [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]].

====Epidemiology====
Any age, however, women on the contraceptive pill are over-represented. 

====Clinical presentation====

Presentation is variable, and can range from asymptomatic to coma and death. Typically patients complain of headache nausea and vomiting. Neurological deficits are variable.
Pathology

Superior sagittal sinus or the dominant [[transverse sinus thrombosis]] can affect the arachnoid granulations absorption of cerebrospinal fluid; consequently increase of cerebral swelling may occur. The subsequent venous hypertension can lead to oedema, and even haemorrhage.

====Risk factors====
Hormones, e.g. oral contraceptive pill, pregnancy, puerperium, steroids, hyperthyroidism
    
Prothrombotic haematological conditions, e.g. protein S deficiency, polycythaemia
    
Local factors, e.g. skull abnormalities, infections (especially mastoid sinus - dural sinus occlusive disease), head injury (especially skull fractures that extends to a dural venous sinus)

Systemic illness, e.g. dehydration, sepsis, malignancy, connective tissue disorders
    
Idiopathic: ~12.5%

===== Diagnosis =====

[[Dural venous sinus thrombosis diagnosis]].


====Treatment and prognosis====

Systemic anticoagulation (e.g. heparin and warfarin) is still the first-line treatment for dural venous thrombosis. Anticoagulation is usually required even in the setting of venous haemorrhage.

Interventional management includes microcatheter thrombolysis or thromboplasty.

Dural arteriovenous fistula and increased CSF pressure have been reported as possible complications after dural venous sinus thrombosis.

====Differential diagnosis====

asymmetric anatomy: hypoplasia or atresia of the transverse sinus. The right transverse sinus is larger than the left in most patients. If the sinus is small or absent, then the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and jugular fossa should also be small.
    
arachnoid granulations: usually characterised as well-defined focal filling defects within the dural venous sinuses (measuring 2–9 mm in diameter). These are more commonly in the lateral aspects of the transverse sinuses and should follow CSF signal intensity of all MRI sequences.
asymmetric flow in the transverse or sigmoid sinus can mimic a dural venous thrombosis

Practical points

infarction in a non-arterial location, especially when bilateral or haemorrhagic
    
cortical or peripheral haemorrhage, especially when heterogeneous and gyriform

cortical oedema

direct signs of a thrombus (e.g. dense clot sign, cord sign, empty delta sign)
    
anatomy variations commonly occur can mimic sinus thrombosis or occlusion.

===== Case reports =====
A 35-year-old [[woman]] developed associated [[complication]]s of cranial [[sinus thrombosis]] that included [[intracranial hypertension]] caused by an expanding [[intracranial hematoma]], [[pulmonary embolism]] treated by placement of filters in superior and [[inferior vena cava]] to eliminate intra- and extracranial sources of emboli, and procedure-related retroperitoneal hematoma that necessitated peripheral vascular intervention. After the failure of several common [[device]]s during [[mechanical thrombolysis]], a thrombectomy catheter (typically for peripheral vascular intervention to aide in the clot removal) was used. This case highlights the fine balance of [[anticoagulation]] and [[thrombolysis]] and the [[proactive]], aggressive approach used by our multispecialty team to manage concurrent factors
((Khan SH, Adeoye O, Abruzzo TA, Shutter LA, Ringer AJ. Intracranial dural sinus
thrombosis: novel use of a mechanical thrombectomy catheter and review of
management strategies. Clin Med Res. 2009 Dec;7(4):157-65. doi:
10.3121/cmr.2009.847. Review. PubMed PMID: 20048139; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC2801689.
)).