Dural arteriovenous fistula [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Dural arteriovenous fistula ======

{{rss>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rss/search/1vkCYaq0ZPJlGZ0AENlRebJZAnzXZe7PwDoDiyRK--4yGNWYnA/?limit=15&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&fc=20250619174103}}

Dural [[arteriovenous fistula]]s (DAVFs) are pathologic vascular connections that shunt dural arterial flow directly to dural venous drainage. 

===== Epidemiology =====

DAVFs comprise 10–15% of all intracranial AVMs
((Arnautovic KI, Krisht AF. Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus
Dural Arteriovenous Malformations. Contemp
Neurosurg. 2000; 21:1–6)).
61–66% occur in females, and patients are usually in their 40 s or 50 s. They occur rarely in children, and when they do they tend to be complex, bilateral dural sinus malformations
((Ashour R, Aziz-Sultan MA, Soltanolkotabi M, et al.
Safety and efficacy of onyx embolization for pediatric
cranial and spinal vascular lesions and tumors.
Neurosurgery. 2012; 71:773–784))

Dural arteriovenous fistulas can occur at any dural sinus but are found most frequently at the cavernous or transverse sinus. 

===== Classification =====

[[Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula]].

[[Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula]].

===== Etiology =====

The etiology and pathophysiology of DAVFs is not fully understood. Several hypotheses for development of DAVF and classifications for predicting risk of hemorrhage and neurological deficit have been proposed to help clinical decision making according to its natural history
((Sim SY. [[Pathophysiology]] and [[classification]] of [[intracranial]] and [[spinal]] [[dura]]l [[AVF]]. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2022 Apr 21. doi: 10.7461/jcen.2022.E2021.04.001. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35443276.)).

see [[Dural arteriovenous fistula formation]].
----


===== Treatment =====

Radical [[treatment]] is to obliterate the [[draining vein]]s in any treatment modalities including endovascular treatment or surgical treatment. Radiosurgery is the last choice. Transvenous embolization plays the main role in the DAVF of the cavernous sinus and anterior condylar confluence. Transarterial embolization with Onyx has dramatically improved the obliteration rate of the transverse-sigmoid, superior sagittal sinuses, and other non-sinus lesions. Transarterial NBCA injection is still the gold standard in the endovascular treatment of the spinal dural and epidural AVFs. Understanding of the functional microvascular anatomy is mandatory, especially in the transarterial liquid injection (Onyx and NBCA). Surgical treatment in the DAVF of the anterior cranial base, craniocervical junction, tentorial region, and spine is a safe and radical treatment. Postoperative follow-up is necessary from the viewpoint of chronological and spacial multi-occurrence of this disease
((Kuwayama N. Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 2022;44:251-264. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-87649-4_14. PMID: 35107684.)).