DNA [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== DNA ======

[[Deoxyribonucleic acid]] is a [[molecule]] that encodes the [[genome]] used in the development and functioning of all known living [[organism]]s and many [[virus]]es. DNA is a [[nucleic acid]]; alongside [[protein]]s and [[carbohydrate]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. 

{{::dna.png?200|}}

Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as [[polynucleotide]]s since they are composed of simpler units called [[nucleotide]]s. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either [[guanine]] (G), [[adenine]] (A), [[thymine]] (T), or [[cytosine]] (C)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-[[phosphate]] backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA.

===== Genomic DNA =====
[[Genomic DNA]]

===== Recombinant DNA =====

[[Recombinant DNA]].

===== DNA damage =====

[[DNA damage]].

===== DNA repair =====

[[DNA repair]].

=====  DNA diagnostics =====
[[ DNA diagnostics]]