DCVax-L [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== DCVax-L ======
[[Dendritic cell]] (DC) [[immunotherapy]] is emerging as a potential addition to the standard of care in the treatment of [[glioblastoma multiforme]] (GBM).

DCVax(®)-L, one of the implementations of the [[DCVax]] platform, provides personalized active [[immunotherapy]] composed of autologous [[dendritic cell]]s pulsed with autologous whole tumor lysate. Clinical trials with DCVax-L for GBM included previous Phase I/II/III clinical trials
((Hdeib A, Sloan AE. Dendritic cell immunotherapy for solid tumors: evaluation
of the DCVax® platform in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. CNS Oncol.
2015;4(2):63-9. doi: 10.2217/cns.14.54. Review. PubMed PMID: 25768330.
)).
----
Addition of [[DCVax]]-L to standard therapy is feasible and safe in glioblastoma patients, and may extend survival. Trial registration Funded by Northwest Biotherapeutics; Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT00045968; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00045968?term=NCT00045968&rank=1 ; initially registered 19 September 2002
((Liau LM, Ashkan K, Tran DD, Campian JL, Trusheim JE, Cobbs CS, Heth JA, Salacz
M, Taylor S, D'Andre SD, Iwamoto FM, Dropcho EJ, Moshel YA, Walter KA,
Pillainayagam CP, Aiken R, Chaudhary R, Goldlust SA, Bota DA, Duic P, Grewal J,
Elinzano H, Toms SA, Lillehei KO, Mikkelsen T, Walbert T, Abram SR, Brenner AJ,
Brem S, Ewend MG, Khagi S, Portnow J, Kim LJ, Loudon WG, Thompson RC, Avigan DE, 
Fink KL, Geoffroy FJ, Lindhorst S, Lutzky J, Sloan AE, Schackert G, Krex D,
Meisel HJ, Wu J, Davis RP, Duma C, Etame AB, Mathieu D, Kesari S, Piccioni D,
Westphal M, Baskin DS, New PZ, Lacroix M, May SA, Pluard TJ, Tse V, Green RM,
Villano JL, Pearlman M, Petrecca K, Schulder M, Taylor LP, Maida AE, Prins RM,
Cloughesy TF, Mulholland P, Bosch ML. First results on survival from a large
Phase 3 clinical trial of an autologous dendritic cell vaccine in newly diagnosed
glioblastoma. J Transl Med. 2018 May 29;16(1):142. doi:
10.1186/s12967-018-1507-6. Erratum in: J Transl Med. 2018 Jun 29;16(1):179.
PubMed PMID: 29843811; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5975654.
)).
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Various research conducted phase I and II trials of DC-[[immunotherapy]] on patients with newly diagnosed (ND) and recurrent GBM and other high-grade gliomas in an attempt to improve the poor prognosis. Results show an increase in overall survival (OS), while vaccination-related side effects are invariably mild. Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. (NWBT) developed the DCVax®-L vaccine as an adjunct to the treatment of GBM. It is currently under evaluation in a phase III trial in patients with ND-GBM, which is the only ongoing trial of its kind
((Polyzoidis S, Ashkan K. DCVax®-L--developed by Northwest Biotherapeutics. Hum 
Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(11):3139-45. doi: 10.4161/hv.29276. Review. Erratum
in: Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1881. PubMed PMID: 25483653; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC4514134.
)).
----
DC vaccine trials provide evidence of low toxicity in GBM patients and effective induction of antitumor immunity in the latest publications correlate with clinical improvements. Preliminary reports on DCVax-Brain clinical outcomes seem to follow these trends
((Wheeler CJ, Black KL. DCVax-Brain and DC vaccines in the treatment of GBM.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Apr;18(4):509-19. doi: 10.1517/13543780902841951
. Review. PubMed PMID: 19335279.
)).