Cost [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Cost ======

Faced with increasing pressure to reduce costs, [[hospital]]s must minimize waste through continuous improvement of [[patient safety]] and [[quality]]. Timely provision of process and outcome data from clinical quality registries to clinicians has been shown to drive such improvements in [[healthcare]].

[[value]] = [[quality]]/[[cost]].

see [[healthcare cost]].

https://www.neurosurgerycost.com/

===== Hospitalization cost =====
[[Hospitalization cost]]

===== Cost reduction =====
[[Cost reduction]]

===== Cost efficiency =====
[[Cost efficiency]]

===== Cost-effectiveness =====
[[Cost-effectiveness]]

===== Incremental cost =====
see [[Incremental cost]].
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In a [[healthcare]] landscape in which [[cost]]s increasingly matter, the Salas-Vega et al. sought to distinguish among the clinical and nonclinical drivers of patient [[length of stay]] (LOS) in the [[hospital]] following elective [[lumbar laminectomy]]-a common spinal surgery that may be reimbursed using bundled payments-and to understand their relationships with patient outcomes and costs.

Patients ≥ 18 years of age undergoing [[laminectomy]] surgery for degenerative [[lumbar spinal stenosis]] within the Cleveland Clinic health system between March 1, 2016, and February 1, 2019, were included in this analysis. Generalized linear modeling was used to assess the relationships between the day of surgery, patient [[discharge]] disposition, and hospital LOS, while adjusting for underlying patient health risks and other nonclinical factors, including the hospital surgery site and health insurance.

A total of 1359 eligible patients were included in the authors' analysis. The mean LOS ranged between 2.01 and 2.47 days for Monday and Friday cases, respectively. The LOS was also notably longer for patients who were ultimately discharged to a [[skilled nursing facility]] (SNF) or rehabilitation center. A prolonged LOS occurring later in the week was not associated with greater underlying health risks, yet it nevertheless resulted in greater costs of care: the average total surgical costs for lumbar laminectomy were 20% greater for Friday cases than for Monday cases, and 24% greater for late-week cases than for early-week cases ultimately transferred to SNFs or rehabilitation centers. A Poisson generalized linear model fit the data best and showed that the comorbidity burden, surgery at a tertiary care center versus a community hospital, and the incidence of any postoperative complication were associated with significantly longer hospital stays. Discharge to home healthcare, SNFs, or rehabilitation centers, and late-week surgery were significant nonclinical predictors of LOS prolongation, even after adjusting for underlying patient health risks and insurance, with LOSs that were, for instance, 1.55 and 1.61 times longer for patients undergoing their procedure on Thursday and Friday compared to Monday, respectively.

Late-week surgeries are associated with a prolonged LOS, particularly when discharge is to an SNF or [[rehabilitation]] center. These findings point to opportunities to lower [[cost]]s and improve [[outcome]]s associated with elective surgical care. [[Intervention]]s to optimize surgical scheduling and [[perioperative]] [[care]] coordination could help reduce prolonged LOSs, lower costs, and, ultimately, give service line management personnel greater flexibility over how to use existing [[resource]]s as they remain ahead of [[health care reform]]s
((Salas-Vega S, Chakravarthy VB, Winkelman RD, Grabowski MM, Habboub G, Savage JW, Steinmetz MP, Mroz TE. Late-week surgery and discharge to specialty care associated with higher costs and longer lengths of stay after elective lumbar laminectomy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021 Apr 6:1-7. doi: 10.3171/2020.11.SPINE201403. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33823491.)).
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The [[Neurosurgical Quality and Outcomes Research Laboratory]] is dedicated to improving outcomes, functional capacity and quality of life in patients undergoing cranial and spinal neurosurgical interventions. Our laboratory focuses on development of risk-factor based predictive models for outcomes and costs, quality data on comparative and cost-effectiveness, assessment of regional and racial disparities to neurosurgical access, epidemiologic trend analyses, participation in clinical trials,and evaluating intensity of resource utilization in neurosurgery. The laboratory has led several projects utilizing data from large-scale national administrative databases and trauma registry. Efforts to participate in the National Neurosurgical Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD)are underway.
----
Geographic variations in healthcare costs have been reported for many surgical specialties.

In a study, Asemota et al. sought to describe national and regional [[cost]]s associated with [[transsphenoidal]] [[pituitary surgery]] (TPS).

Data from the Truven-MarketScan 2010-2014 was analyzed. They examined overall total, hospital/facility, physician, and out-of-pocket payments in patients undergoing TPS including technique-specific costs. Mean payments were obtained after risk-adjustment for the patient- and system-level confounders and estimated differences across regions.

The estimated overall annual burden was $43 million/year in our cohort. The average overall total payment associated with TPS was $35,602.30, hospital/facility payment was $26,980.45, physician payment was $4,685.95, and out-of-pocket payment was $2,330.78. Overall total and hospital/facility costs were highest in the West and lowest in the South (both P<0.001), while physician reimbursements were highest in the North-east and lowest in the South (P<0.001). There were no differences in out-of-pocket expenses across regions. On a national level, there were significantly higher overall total and hospital/facility payments associated with endoscopic compared to microscopic procedures (both P<0.001); there were no significant differences in physician payments nor out-of-pocket expenses between techniques. There were also significant within-region cost differences in the overall total, hospital/facility, and physician payments in both techniques as well as in out-of-pocket expenses associated with microsurgery. There were no significant regional differences in out-of-pocket expenses associated with endoscopic surgery.

These results demonstrate significant geographical cost disparities associated with TPS. Understanding the factors behind disparate costs is important for developing cost containment strategies
((Asemota AO, Ishii M, Brem H, Gallia GL. Geographic Variation in Costs of
Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery in the United States. World Neurosurg. 2020 Mar
4. pii: S1878-8750(20)30420-4. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.145. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 32145414.
)).

===== Cost driver =====

[[Cost driver]].

===== Vestibular Schwannoma Treatment Cost =====


[[Vestibular Schwannoma Treatment Cost]]