Common carotid artery occlusion [Neurosurgery Wiki]

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
====== Common carotid artery occlusion ======

{{ ::common_carotid_artery_occlusion.png?300|}}

At present, there is limited understanding of chronic total [[carotid artery occlusion]] (CTO) of the [[internal carotid artery]] (ICA).

Cerebral vessels may form collateral circulation immediately or gradually following CTO of the [[ICA]]. The natural history of CTO of the ICA includes a variety of outcomes, all of which are biased toward a non-benign progressive process and are characterized by insufficient cerebral [[perfusion]], embolus detachment and [[cognitive]] dysfunction. 

===== 🧠 Classification of Common Carotid Artery Occlusion =====

===== 🧭 1. Anatomical Classification (Riles et al.) =====
Classification based on distal patency of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) and External Carotid Artery (ECA) following Common Carotid Artery (CCA) occlusion:

^ Type ^ ICA ^ ECA ^
| I    | Patent   | Patent   |
| II   | Occluded | Patent   |
| III  | Patent   | Occluded |
| IV   | Occluded | Occluded |

  * *Type I:* most favorable for surgical or endovascular bypass.
  * *Type IV:* worst prognosis with limited revascularization options.

===== 🧪 2. Hemodynamic Classification =====
  * **Low-flow occlusion:** Poor collateral circulation, high risk of ischemia.
  * **High-flow occlusion:** Compensated via external-to-internal collaterals.

===== 🧬 3. Etiological Classification =====
  * **Atherosclerotic** (most common)
  * **Radiation-induced**
  * **Inflammatory** (e.g., Takayasu arteritis)
  * **Traumatic**
  * **Iatrogenic** (e.g., surgical ligation)

===== 🩺 4. Symptom-Based Classification =====
  * **Symptomatic occlusion:** Associated with stroke, TIA, or ocular ischemia.
  * **Asymptomatic occlusion:** Incidentally detected on imaging.

===== 📸 5. Imaging-Based Classification =====
  * **“Stump” present:** Residual proximal lumen visible (potential embolic source).
  * **“No stump” (flush occlusion):** No residual lumen at CCA origin.

----

**Main reference:**  
Riles TS, Imparato AM, Jacobowitz GR, Lamparello PJ, Giangola G, Adelman MA. *Anatomic and hemodynamic considerations in carotid artery occlusion.* J Vasc Surg. 1984.


[[Symptomatic carotid occlusion]].

[[Asymptomatic carotid occlusion]].

==== Anatomical classification ====

=== Riles Classification ===

see [[Riles Classification]]

----
Hasan et al., propose a radiographic [[classification]] of [[Chronically occluded internal carotid artery]] (COICA) that can be used as a guide to determine the technical success and safety of [[endovascular revascularization]] for symptomatic COICA and to assess the changes in systemic [[blood pressure]] following successful [[revascularization]]. 

The radiographic images of 100 consecutive subjects with COICA were analyzed. A new classification of COICA was proposed based on the morphology, location of occlusion, and presence or absence of reconstitution of the distal ICA. The classification was used to predict successful revascularization in 32 symptomatic COICAs in 31 patients, five of whom were female (5/31 [16.13%]). Patients were included in the study if they had a COICA with ischemic symptoms refractory to medical therapy. [[Carotid artery occlusion]] was defined as 100% cross-sectional occlusion of the vessel lumen as documented on CTA or MRA and confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. 

Four types (A-D) of radiographic COICA were identified. Types A and B were more amenable to safe revascularization than types C and D. Recanalization was successful at a rate of 68.75% (22/32 COICAs; type A: 8/8; type B: 8/8; type C: 4/8; type D: 2/8). The perioperative complication rate was 18.75% (6/32; type A: 0/8 [0%]; type B: 1/8 [12.50%]; type C: 3/8 [37.50%], type D: 2/8 [25.00%]). None of these complications led to permanent morbidity or death. Twenty (64.52%) of 31 subjects had improvement in their symptoms at the 2-6 months' follow-up. A statistically significant decrease in [[systolic blood pressure]] (SBP) was noted in 17/21 (80.95%) patients who had successful revascularization, which persisted on follow-up (p = 0.0001). The remaining 10 subjects in whom revascularization failed had no significant changes in SBP (p = 0.73). 
 
The pilot study suggested that the proposed classification of COICA may be useful as an adjunctive guide to determine the technical feasibility and safety of [[revascularization]] for symptomatic COICA using endovascular techniques. Additionally, successful revascularization may lead to a significant decrease in SBP postprocedure. A Phase 2b trial in larger cohorts to assess the efficacy of [[endovascular revascularization]] using this COICA classification is warranted
((Hasan D, Zanaty M, Starke RM, Atallah E, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Singla A,
Guerrero WR, Nakagawa D, Samaniego EA, Mbabuike N, Tawk RG, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI,
Novakovic RL, White J, Schirmer CM, Brott TG, Shallwani H, Hopkins LN.
Feasibility, safety, and changes in systolic blood pressure associated with
endovascular revascularization of symptomatic and chronically occluded cervical
internal carotid artery using a newly suggested radiographic classification of
chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery: pilot study. J Neurosurg. 
2018 May 18:1-10. doi: 10.3171/2018.1.JNS172858. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 29775153.
)).
===== Diagnosis =====

[[Ultrasonography]], [[magnetic resonance imaging]] and contrast [[angiography]] are useful diagnostic tests, and functional imaging of the brain (eg, with [[positron emission tomography]]) helps to understand haemodynamic factors involved in the pathophysiology of brain ischaemia. 

===== Treatment =====

see [[Common carotid artery occlusion treatment]].


===== Outcome =====
A complete occlusion of the [[internal carotid artery]] (ICA) is an important cause of [[cerebrovascular disease]]. 

A never-symptomatic ICA occlusion has a relatively benign course, whereas symptomatic occlusion increases future risk of [[stroke]]s. 

The overall [[risk]] of [[ischemic stroke]] from a chronically occluded [[internal carotid artery]] (COICA) is around 5%-7% per year despite receiving the best available medical therapy
((Hasan D, Zanaty M, Starke RM, Atallah E, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Singla A,
Guerrero WR, Nakagawa D, Samaniego EA, Mbabuike N, Tawk RG, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI,
Novakovic RL, White J, Schirmer CM, Brott TG, Shallwani H, Hopkins LN.
Feasibility, safety, and changes in systolic blood pressure associated with
endovascular revascularization of symptomatic and chronically occluded cervical
internal carotid artery using a newly suggested radiographic classification of
chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery: pilot study. J Neurosurg. 
2018 May 18:1-10. doi: 10.3171/2018.1.JNS172858. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 29775153.
)).

===== Case series =====
In the [[endovascular treatment]] of acute cerebral [[large-vessel occlusion]], cervical magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a useful modality for assessing the access route. However, we sometimes encounter cases in which not only the internal carotid artery (ICA), but also the common carotid artery (CCA) is poorly visualized, leading to hesitation over which devices and techniques to choose for revascularization. We retrospectively evaluated such cases, focusing on image findings and treatment results.

Data from 96 patients who underwent acute endovascular revascularization from January 2016 to December 2019 were analyzed. We extracted patients with poor CCA visualization on cervical MRA from 35 cases with ICA occlusion and examined angiographic findings, treatment methods, and outcomes.

Results: Poor visualization of the CCA in cervical MRA was observed in 8 cases. All cases displayed atrial fibrillation or sick sinus syndrome. Angiographic findings showed true CCA occlusion in 2 patients and ICA occlusion in 6 patients. Reasons for the inability to visualize the CCA on cervical MRA were speculated to be stenosis of the external carotid artery (ECA), presence of embolism in the ECA, or severe heart failure. In cases of true CCA occlusion, thrombus was aspirated using the balloon guide catheter and good recanalization was obtained. Seven of 8 patients displayed favorable recanalization, with a good prognosis after 90 days in 5 patients.

Poor CCA visualization on cervical MRA does not necessarily represent true CCA occlusion. Aspiration of [[thrombus]] from a balloon guide catheter is effective for true CCA occlusion
((Asano H, Shimizu T, Aihara M, Yamaguchi R, Aishima K, Yoshimoto Y. Acute [[Endovascular Revascularization]] for Patients with [[Common Carotid Artery Occlusion]] Apparent on Cervical Magnetic Resonance Angiography. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021 Jan 27;30(4):105626. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105626. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33516069.)).
----
Sorenson TJ, Cloft H, Rabinstein A, Lanzino G. Recanalization of Acute [[Common
Carotid Artery Occlusion]]: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. Oper Neurosurg
(Hagerstown). 2018 Aug 7. doi: 10.1093/ons/opy207. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 30099507.