Carotid-cavernous fistula classification [Neurosurgery Wiki]

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
====== Carotid-cavernous fistula classification ======

{{rss>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rss/search/1vyK0bnlSnxWRML_sPSUXJ2iIBbIhqz_tfJyI3x458WDbt3gpt/?limit=15&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&fc=20240404060624}}
----
[[Carotid-cavernous fistula]] are classified into direct and dural types, with direct fistulas typically being high-flow and dural fistulas being low-flow
((Yilmaz U. Sinus-cavernosus-Fisteln [Carotid-cavernous fistulas]. Radiologie (Heidelb). 2024 Mar;64(3):182-188. German. doi: 10.1007/s00117-024-01269-1. Epub 2024 Feb 13. PMID: 38351202.))
----


[[Carotid-cavernous fistula]]s (CCFs) have been classified by [[etiology]] (traumatic/spontaneous), hemodynamic properties (high/low flow), and angioarchitectural features
((Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248–256.))
((Djindjian R, Merland JJ. Super-Selective Arteriography of the External Carotid Artery. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1973.))
((Ernst RJ, Tomsick TA. Classification and angiography of carotid cavernous fistulas. In: Carotid Cavernous Fistula. Cincinnati: Digital Education Publishing; 1997:13–22.))
((Larson JJ, Tew JM Jr, Tomsick TA, van Loveren HR. Treatment of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery by intravascular balloon occlusion: long-term follow-up of 58 patients. Neurosurgery. 1995;36(1):26–30; discussion 30.))
((Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Dural arteriovenous shunts in the region of the cavernous sinus. Neuroradiology. 1970;1(2):71–81.))
((Parkinson D. Carotid cavernous fistula, history and anatomy. In: Dolenc V, ed. The Cavernous Sinus: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Vascular and Tumorous Lesions. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1987:3–29.))
((Peeters FL, Kröger R. Dural and direct cavernous sinus fistulas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132(4):599–606.))
((Picard L, Roland J, Bracard S, Lepoire J, Montaut J. Spontaneous Dural Fistulas: Classification, Diagnosis, Endovascular Treatment. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1983.))
((Satomi J, Satoh K, Matsubara S, Nakajima N, Nagahiro S. Angiographic changes in venous drainage of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae after palliative transarterial embolization or observational management: a proposed stage classification. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(3):494–502; discussion 494-502.))
((Stiebel-Kalish H, Setton A, Nimii Y, et al.. Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations: patterns of venous drainage are related to clinical signs and symptoms. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1685–1691.))
((Suh DC, Lee JH, Kim SJ, et al.. New concept in cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: correlation with presenting symptom and venous drainage patterns. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1134–1139.))
((Wolff H, Schmid B. Das Arteriogramm des pulsierenden Exophthalmus. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1939;4:241–250, 310-319.))

Over the years, numerous classification systems have been applied to CCFs. The simplest classification divides CCFs into direct and indirect fistulae. 

see [[Direct carotid-cavernous fistula]] (High flow).

see [[Indirect carotid cavernous fistula]] (Low flow).


===== Barrow classification =====

[[Barrow classification]]

===== Debrun classification =====

see [[Debrun classification]].