Carcinomatous meningitis [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Carcinomatous meningitis ======


Carcinomatous meningitis or Leptomeningeal [[carcinomatosis]] (LC) is a rare [[complication]] of [[cancer]] in which the disease spreads to the membranes ([[meninge]]s) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 

[[Leptomeninge]]al disease is a feared sequelae of [[malignant]] [[pediatric brain tumor]]s.

Central nervous system involvement is a rare complication of [[multiple myeloma]], and it can present as either an intraparenchymal or a [[leptomeningeal disease]]. 

===== Epidemiology =====

[[Carcinomatous meningitis epidemiology]].

===== Clinical Features =====

[[Carcinomatous meningitis clinical Features]].

===== Diagnosis =====

[[Carcinomatous Meningitis Diagnosis]].

===== Carcinomatous Meningitis Differential Diagnosis =====

[[Carcinomatous Meningitis Differential Diagnosis]].

===== Treatment =====

[[Carcinomatous meningitis treatment]].

===== Complications =====

see [[Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis complications]].

===== Outcome =====

[[Carcinomatous meningitis outcome]].

===== Systematic review =====

A [[systematic review]] examines the proportion of patients with leptomeningeal disease included in phase 3 randomized clinical trials for patients with metastatic breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma
((Sharma AE, Corbett K, Soliman H, Sahgal A, Das S, Lim-Fat MJ, Jerzak KJ. Assessment of Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials Including Patients With Leptomeningeal Disease: A Systematic Review. JAMA Oncol. 2023 Feb 9. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.7364. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36757707.)).

===== Case series =====

226 patients with LM (from 2001 to 2021 among 1495 grade 2 to 4 glioma patients, 88.5% of LM patients being [[IDH wild-type glioma]] with complete information on IDH mutation, 1p/19q codeletion, and MGMT promoter methylation status were enrolled. Predictors of overall survival (OS) of entire patients were determined by time-dependent Cox analysis, including clinical, molecular, and treatment data. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with LM at initial diagnosis and LM diagnosed at recurrence (herein, initial and recurrent LM). Identical analyses were performed in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients.

Median OS was 17.0 (IQR 9.7-67.1) months, with shorter median OS in initial LM than recurrent LM patients (12.2 vs 20.6 months, P < 0.001). In entire patients, chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy were predictors of longer OS, while male sex and initial LM were predictors of shorter OS. In initial LM, higher KPS, chemotherapy, and antiangiogenic therapy were predictors of longer OS, while the male sex was a predictor of shorter OS. In recurrent LM, chemotherapy and longer interval between initial glioma and LM diagnoses were predictors of longer OS, while the male sex was a predictor of shorter OS. A similar trend was observed in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.

[[Active chemotherapy]] and [[antiangiogenic]] [[therapy]] demonstrated a survival benefit in glioma patients with LM. There is a consistent female survival advantage, whereas a longer interval between initial [[glioma diagnosis]] and LM development suggests longer OS in recurrent LM
((Park YW, Han K, Kim S, Kwon H, Ahn SS, Moon JH, Kim EH, Kim J, Kang SG, Chang JH, Kim SH, Lee SK. Revisiting prognostic factors in glioma with leptomeningeal metastases: a comprehensive analysis of clinical and molecular factors and treatment modalities. J Neurooncol. 2023 Feb 25. doi: 10.1007/s11060-022-04233-y. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36841906.)).