Show pageBacklinksCite current pageExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ====== Cancer immunotherapy ====== Immunotherapy also called biologic therapy, is a type of [[cancer treatment]] that boosts the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system function. ---- Several [[Phase II]] and III [[clinical trial]]s have demonstrated that [[immunotherapy]] can induce objective responses in otherwise refractory malignancies in [[tumor]]s outside the [[central nervous system]]. In large part, effector T cells mediate much of the antitumor efficacy in these [[trial]]s, and potent antitumor T cells can be generated through [[vaccination]], [[immune checkpoint]] blockade, [[adoptive cell transfer]], and [[genetic engineering]]. ---- The last decades of [[basic research]] in [[virology]], [[oncology]], and [[immunology]] can be considered a success story. Based on discoveries in these research areas, [[translational research]] and clinical studies have changed the way of treatment of cancer by introducing and including [[immunotherapy]] ((Schirrmacher V, van Gool S, Stuecker W. Counteracting [[Immunosuppression]] in the [[Tumor Microenvironment]] by [[Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus]] and Cellular [[Immunotherapy]]. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 27;23(21):13050. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113050. PMID: 36361831.)). ---- Cancer [[immunotherapy]] (sometimes called immuno-oncology) is the stimulation of the [[immune system]] to treat [[cancer]], improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer [[immunology]] and a growing subspecialty of oncology. ---- With the advent of [[cancer immunotherapy]], there has been a major improvement in patients' [[quality of life]] and [[survival]]. The growth of cancer [[immunotherapy]] has dramatically changed our understanding of the basics of cancer biology and has altered the standards of [[care]] (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) for patients. Cancer immunotherapy has generated significant excitement with the success of [[chimeric antigen receptor]] ([[CAR]]) [[T cell]] [[therapy]] in particular. Clinical results using CAR-T for hematological malignancies have led to the approval of four [[CD19]]-targeted and one [[B-cell]] maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted cell therapy products by the US Food and Drug Administration ([[FDA]]). Also, [[immune checkpoint inhibitor]]s such as antibodies against Programmed Cell Death-1 ([[PD-1]]), Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 ([[PD-L1]]), and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 ([[CTLA-4]]) have shown promising therapeutic outcomes and long-lasting clinical effect in several tumor types and patients who are refractory to other treatments. Despite these promising results, the success of cancer immunotherapy in [[solid tumor]]s have been limited due to several barriers, which include [[immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment]] (TME), inefficient trafficking, and heterogeneity of [[tumor antigen]]s. This is further compounded by the high intra-tumoral pressure of solid tumors, which presents an additional challenge to successfully delivering treatments to solid tumors ((Guha P, Heatherton KR, O'Connell KP, Alexander IS, Katz SC. Assessing the [[Future]] of [[Solid Tumor]] [[Immunotherapy]]. Biomedicines. 2022 Mar 11;10(3):655. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10030655. PMID: 35327456; PMCID: PMC8945484.)). ---- Due to its high anti-tumor efficacy has attracted considerable attention globally from experts in various fields. However, immunotherapy could be severely toxic; not all patients may respond, thus requiring combination therapy. Therefore, a reasonable selection strategy for early treatment is urgently needed. It is vital to capture the dynamic, heterogeneous, and complex tumor behavior considering the absence of ideal companion [[biomarker]]s. Since tumor immune response involves tumor cells, several other cell types, and molecules in the tumor microenvironment, detection is very complex and variable. However, the [[molecular imaging]] technology, namely the non-invasive whole-body molecular imaging by [[positron emission tomography]] and [[single-photon emission computed tomography]], has shown considerable promise in tumor detection and cancer immunotherapy response. Identification of potential novel imaging biomarkers will allow a personalized treatment plan for every patient. Future imaging strategies for these molecules used alone or in combination or continuously, might help stratify patients before or during the early stages of immunotherapy, and might address the immunotherapy challenges encountered by the oncologists ((Meng Y, Sun J, Qv N, Zhang G, Yu T, Piao H. Application of molecular imaging technology in tumor immunotherapy. Cell Immunol. 2020 Jan 8:104039. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104039. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 32007223. )). ---- Immunotherapy may work by: Stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells Stopping cancer from spreading to other parts of the body Helping the immune system work better at destroying cancer cells There are several types of immunotherapy, including: Monoclonal antibodies Non-specific immunotherapies Oncolytic virus therapy T-cell therapy [[Cancer vaccine]]s ---- The introduction of immunotherapy with [[immune checkpoint receptor]] blockade has changed the treatment of advanced cancers, at times inducing prolonged remission. Emerging as the newest pillar of [[cancer]] treatment, with the potential to assume a place alongside surgical debulking, [[radiotherapy]] and [[chemotherapy]]. Early experiences with antitumor [[vaccine]]s demonstrated the feasibility and potential efficacy of this approach and newer agents, such as immune checkpoint blocking antibodies and modern vaccine platforms, have ushered in a new era. see [[Gene mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy]]. see [[Monoclonal antibody therapy]] ===== Indications ===== [[Immunotherapy Indications]] ===== T-cell immunotherapy ===== [[T-cell immunotherapy]] ===== Resistance ===== [[Immunotherapy resistance]] ===== Immunomodulation ===== [[Immunomodulation]]. ===== Solid Tumor Immunotherapy ===== [[Solid Tumor Immunotherapy]]. cancer_immunotherapy.txt Last modified: 2024/06/07 02:57by 127.0.0.1