Show pageBacklinksCite current pageExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ====== Anaplastic meningioma ====== Anaplastic [[meningioma]] (also known as malignant meningiomas) is defined by several criteria including: 1) Invasion of adjacent brain parenchyma or skull. (see [[invasive meningioma]]) 2) Numerous [[mitosis]] (> 5/high-powered field) 3) Elevated proliferative index (>3%) as assessed by either 5-bromodeoxyuridine or [[KI-67]] staining 4) [[Necrosis]] 5) Increased cellularity 6) Nuclear [[pleomorphism]] 7) [[metastases]] ===== Epidemiology ===== Anaplastic meningiomas are uncommon, accounting for only ~1% of all meningiomas ((Backer-Grøndahl T, Moen BH, Torp SH. The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2012;5 (3): 231-42.)). ===== Diagnosis ===== Generally, it is not possible to confidently distinguish benign (WHO grade I) and atypical (WHO grade II) from anaplastic (WHO grade III) meningiomas on general morphology. The most reliable feature in suggesting a non-grade I tumour is the presence of lower [[ADC]] values (reflecting higher cellularity) ((Filippi CG, Edgar MA, Uluğ AM et-al. Appearance of meningiomas on diffusion-weighted images: correlating diffusion constants with histopathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22 (1): 65-72. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol)) ((Toh CH, Castillo M, Wong AM et-al. Differentiation between classic and atypical meningiomas with use of diffusion tensor imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29 (9): 1630-5. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1170)). Importantly presence of vasogenic oedema in adjacent brain parenchyma is not a predictor of atypical or anaplastic histology ((Toh CH, Castillo M, Wong AM et-al. Differentiation between classic and atypical meningiomas with use of diffusion tensor imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29 (9): 1630-5. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1170)). Brain invasion, although by definition denoting at least a grade II tumour, is also surprisingly difficult to predict on MRI. There are, some CT or MRI trends that point in favor of malignant meningioma: 1) the absence of visible calcium aggregates ((Younis GA, Sawaya R, DeMonte F, Hess KR, Albrecht S, Bruner JM. Aggressive meningeal tumors: review of a series. J Neurosurg 1995; 82:17-27.)). 2) "mushrooming" or the presence of a prominent pannus of tumor extending well away from the globoid mass ((Mahmood A, Caccamo DV, Tomecek FJ, Malik GM. Atypical and malignant meningiomas: a clinicopathological review. Neurosurgery 1993;33:955-963.)) ((Jaaskelainen J, Haltia M, Servo A. Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: radiology, surgery, radiotherapy, and outcome. Surg Neurol 1986; 25:233-242.)) ((Younis GA, Sawaya R, DeMonte F, Hess KR, Albrecht S, Bruner JM. Aggressive meningeal tumors: review of a series. J Neurosurg 1995; 82:17-27.)). ===== Treatment ===== see [[Anaplastic meningioma treatment]]. ===== Outcome ===== [[Ki-67]] [[index]] >10% was associated with a trend toward worse PFS. Given the long-term survival, high recurrence rates, and efficacy of salvage therapy, patients with atypical and [[malignant meningioma]]s should be monitored systematically long after initial treatment ((Kent CL, Mowery YM, Babatunde O, Wright AO, Barak I, McSherry F, Herndon JE 2nd, Friedman AH, Zomorodi A, Peters K, Desjardins A, Friedman H, Sperduto W, Kirkpatrick JP. Long-Term Outcomes for Patients With Atypical or Malignant Meningiomas Treated With or Without Radiation Therapy: A 25-Year Retrospective Analysis of a Single-Institution Experience. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2021 Dec 24;7(3):100878. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100878. PMID: 35647401; PMCID: PMC9133398.)). Older age, male gender, distant metastasis, and [[radiotherapy]] were significantly related to poor prognosis; and the [[extent of resection]] did not affect survival ((Zhang GJ, Liu XY, Wang W, You C. Clinical factors and outcomes of malignant meningioma: a population-based study. Neurol Res. 2022 Mar 30:1-9. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2056343. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35353024.)). ---- Malignant progression with the accumulation of mutations in a benign meningioma can result in an [[atypical meningioma]] and/or anaplastic meningioma. Both tumors are difficult to manage and have a high recurrence and poor survival rates. The extent of tumor resection and histological grade are the key determinants for recurrence. Anaplastic meningiomas are aggressive tumors, with a median overall survival time of 15 months ((Modha A, Gutin PH. Diagnosis and treatment of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: a review. Neurosurgery. 2005 Sep;57(3):538-50; discussion 538-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 16145534. )). They have a higher rate of recurrence and [[metastases]] accompanied by a significantly shorter [[survival]] rate compared to benign variants. Meningioma [[cancer stem cell]]s (CSCs) have been previously shown to be associated with resistance and aggressiveness. However, the role they play in meningioma progression is still being investigated ((Baeesa SS, Hussein D, Altalhy A, Bakhaidar MG, Alghamdi FA, Bangash M, Abuzenadah A. Malignant Transformation and Spine metastases of an Intracranial Grade I Meningioma: In Situ Immunofluorescence analysis of Cancer Stem Cells. World Neurosurg. 2018 Sep 8. pii: S1878-8750(18)32024-2. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30205223. )). ===== Review ===== Maier AD. Malignant meningioma. APMIS. 2022 Nov;130 Suppl 145:1-58. doi: 10.1111/apm.13276. PMID: 36424331. ===== Case series ===== [[Anaplastic meningioma case series]]. ===== Case reports ===== A five-year-old girl presented with progressive right-sided exophthalmos, headaches, and seizures. Imaging revealed a large extra-axial mass in the right temporal region, extending into the cavernous sinus and orbital cavity. A [[subtotal resection]] was performed, and histological [[examination]] confirmed an anaplastic meningioma, World Health Organization grade 3. The patient was referred for [[adjuvant]] [[radiotherapy]]. This case highlights the importance of recognizing atypical presentations in children and underscores the need for a [[multidisciplinar]]y [[management]] approach in pediatric high-grade [[meningioma]]s ((Mohammadine B, Hmamouche O, Mohammed B, Khalid C, Faiz Mohammed C. Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Case Report on the Rare Occurrence of Anaplastic Meningioma in a Young Child. Cureus. 2025 Apr 24;17(4):e82886. doi: 10.7759/cureus.82886. PMID: 40416230; PMCID: PMC12103695.)). ---- Baeesa et al. from the Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], report a 29-year-old man who underwent a resection of a grade I meningioma in 2011. The patient had multiple local recurrences of the tumor that exhibited an aggressive change in behavior and transformation to grade III meningioma and developed extracranial metastases to the cervical spine. He underwent multiple operations and received radiotherapy. Analysis of the meningioma indicated the presence of CSCs markers before metastases and showed elevated expressions of associated markers in the metastasized tissue. Also, and similar to the patient's profile, the pharmacological testing of a primary cell line retrieved from the metastasized tissues showed a high level of drug tolerance and a loss of ability to initiate apoptosis. Malignant progression of grade I meningioma can occur, and its eventuality may be anticipated by detecting CSCs. We included a comprehensive literature review of relevant cases and discussed the clinical, diagnostic and management characteristics of the reported cases ((Baeesa SS, Hussein D, Altalhy A, Bakhaidar MG, Alghamdi FA, Bangash M, Abuzenadah A. Malignant Transformation and Spine metastases of an Intracranial Grade I Meningioma: In Situ Immunofluorescence analysis of Cancer Stem Cells. World Neurosurg. 2018 Sep 8. pii: S1878-8750(18)32024-2. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30205223. )). ---- A patient had an intracranial malignant meningioma and developed a symptomatic osteolytic contrast-enhancing lesion in the left C-1 lateral mass suspicious for metastases. The authors performed a minimally invasive posterior resection of the lesion with vertebroplasty of C-1. Histopathology verified metastases of the malignant meningioma. The surgical procedure resulted in prompt and permanent pain reduction until the patient died 18 months later. Given the very limited life expectancy in this case, the authors did not consider occipitocervical fusion because of their desire to preserve the range of motion of the head. Therefore, they suggest minimally invasive tumor resection and vertebroplasty in selected palliative tumor patients ((Klingler JH, Krüger MT, Kogias E, Brendecke SM, Hubbe U, Scheiwe C. Minimally invasive resection and vertebroplasty for an osteolytic C-1 metastases of malignant meningioma: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Jul 17:1-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26185898. )). anaplastic_meningioma.txt Last modified: 2025/05/26 14:21by administrador