1999 [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== 1999 ======

[[1998]]-[[2000]]

A major advance in [[glioblastoma treatment]] was the introduction of [[temozolomide]] in [[1999]].
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The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial ([[ISAT]]) in [[1999]].
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[[Adenosine induced cardiac standstill]] for cerebral aneurysms surgery was first described by Groff et al.
((Groff MW, Adams DC, Kahn RA, Kumbar UM, Yang BY, Bederson JB.
Adenosine-induced transient asystole for management of a basilar artery aneurysm.
Case report. J Neurosurg. 1999 Oct;91(4):687-90. PubMed PMID: 10507394.
))
in [[1999]] in [[posterior circulation aneurysm]]s.
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The Korean Spinal Neurosurgery Research Society expanded in terms of popularity and membership steadily over the following decade and, on December 17, [[1999]], it was renamed the [[Korean Spinal Neurosurgery Society]] with the approval of the Korean Neurosurgical Society. On March 18, [[2008]].
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Barlas, et al. in [[1999]], reported a reduction in mortality from 18 to 0% in patients with [[brain abscess]] from the pre-CT era to the post-CT era, which they attributed to the advent of CT-guided stereotaxis
((Barlas O, Sencer A, Erkan K, Eraksoy H, Sencer S, Bayindir C. Stereotactic
surgery in the management of brain abscess. Surg Neurol. 1999 Oct;52(4):404-10;
discussion 411. PubMed PMID: 10555849.
)).
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In [[1999]], researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up the [[chromosome 22]]

It was the first human chromosome to be fully sequenced.

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research, because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 22 contains about 693 genes.

Chromosome 22 was originally identified as the smallest chromosome. After extensive research, however, researchers concluded that chromosome 21 was smaller. The numbering of these chromosomes wasn't rearranged because of chromosome 21 being known by that designation as the chromosome that can lead to Down syndrome.
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Loss of [[chromosome 22]] and gain of 1q are the most frequent genomic aberrations in [[ependymoma]]s, indicating that genes mapping to these regions are critical in their pathogenesis. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we measured relative copy numbers of 10 genes mapping to 22q12.3-q13.33 and 10 genes at 1q21-32 in a series of 47 pediatric intracranial ependymomas. Loss of one or more of the genes on 22 was detected in 81% of cases, with RAC2 and C22ORF2 at 22q12-q13.1 being deleted most frequently in 38% and 32% of ependymoma samples, respectively. Combined analysis of quantitative-PCR with methylation-specific PCR and bisulphite sequencing revealed a high rate (>60% ependymoma) of transcriptional inactivation of C22ORF2, indicating its potential importance in the development of pediatric ependymomas. Increase of relative copy numbers of at least one gene on 1q were detected in 61% of cases, with TPR at 1q25 displaying relative copy number gains in 38% of cases. Patient age was identified as a significant adverse prognostic factor, as a significantly shorter overall survival time (P = 0.0056) was observed in patients <2 years of age compared with patients who were >2 years of age. Loss of RAC2 at 22q13 or amplification of TPR at 1q25 was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in these younger patients (P = 0.0492 and P = < 0.0001, respectively). This study identifies candidate target genes within 1q and 22q that are potentially important in the pathogenesis of intracranial pediatric ependymomas
((Karakoula K, Suarez-Merino B, Ward S, Phipps KP, Harkness W, Hayward R,
Thompson D, Jacques TS, Harding B, Beck J, Thomas DG, Warr TJ. Real-time
quantitative PCR analysis of pediatric ependymomas identifies novel candidate
genes including TPR at 1q25 and CHIBBY at 22q12-q13. Genes Chromosomes Cancer.
2008 Nov;47(11):1005-22. doi: 10.1002/gcc.20607. PubMed PMID: 18663750.
)).
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Cheng et al. in [[1999]] reported a case of nasal [[dermoid sinus]] cyst associated with [[colloid cyst]] of third ventricle and proposed a fascinating theory of “[[anterior neuropore]] corridor defects” to explain the spectrum of these associated rare midline lesions. According to this theory, defective closure of [[situs neuroporicus]] promotes the [[neuroepithelium]] adjacent to [[commissural plate]] derivatives to form a vacuolated paraphysis growing slowly as colloid cyst of the third ventricle
((Cheng ML, Chang SD, Pang D, Adler JR. Intracranial nasal dermoid sinus cyst
associated with colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Case report and new
concepts. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999 Oct;31(4):201-6. PubMed PMID: 10705930.
)).
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1999: [[Thieme]]’s classic brain atlases are digitized and incorporated in the operative planning software of neurosurgical workstations
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The initial ProDisc lumbar [[artificial disc]] was developed by Thierry Marnay
((Marnay T. ProDisc. The 7–11 Year Clinical Experience. New York, NY: Spine
Solutions, Inc; 2000))
in [[1989]], and was used clinically in the early 1990s. Subsequently, the second generation, ProDisc II
was developed in [[1999]] with cobalt chrome endplates and constrained polyethylene core and approved for commercial use in Europe the same year.
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[[Dexmedetomidine]] has 8 times more affinity than [[clonidine]] for α-2 receptors is bringing newer concepts in [[anesthesia]] and [[intensive care]] practice. It was approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in [[1999]] for use in humans for short term [[sedation]] in the [[intensive care unit]]. Initially used for [[sedation]] and [[analgesia]] in intensive care, its use has been extended to other various clinical situations as well as in [[regional anesthesia]] as a useful adjunct.