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-====== Tortuous vessel ======
+===== Tortuous Vessel =====
+**Definition:**
+A tortuous vessel is a **blood vessel that exhibits abnormal twisting, looping, or excessive curvature**, deviating from its expected anatomical path. Tortuosity can affect both arteries and veins and may be congenital or acquired.
+**Clinical implications:**
+  * Increases technical difficulty during endovascular procedures.
+  * May contribute to **altered hemodynamics**, **stenosis**, or **flow limitation**.
+  * Commonly seen in elderly patients or those with **hypertension**, **arterial elongation**, or **vascular malformations**.
+**Imaging and diagnosis:**
+  * Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
+  * Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
+  * Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
+  * 3D reconstruction in neurovascular planning
+**Common locations:**
+  * Internal carotid artery
+  * Vertebral artery
+  * Sigmoid/transverse sinus
+  * Retinal vessels
+**Related terms:**
+  * [[trackability]]
+  * [[steerability]]
+  * [[vascular elongation]]
+  * [[stenosis]]